101.1 System Architecture 系统架构

System Architecture (Topic 101.1) 系统结构

This Topic requires general knowledge of fundamental PC architecture facts that you must know before attempting any operating system installation. It includes this Objective:

这个项目需要你在安装任何一个操作系统之前，掌握基本的PC结构基础知识。包含以下目标：
Objective 1: Determine and Configure Hardware Settings    Weight: 2.
        检测并设置你的硬件
       Candidates  should be  able  to determine  and  configure  fundamental  system hardware. Setting up a PC for Linux (or any other operating system) requires some familiarity with the devices installed in the system and their configuration. Items to be aware of include modems, serial and parallel ports, network adapters, SCSI adapters, hard drives, USB controllers, and sound cards. Many of these devices, particularly older ones, require manual configuration of some kind to avoid conflicting resources. The rest of the configuration for the system hardware is done in the PC’s firmware, or Basic Input/Output System (BIOS).

      应考者应该能够确定和配置基本的硬件系统。针对Linux(或其他的操作系统)设置PC需要熟悉系统中设备的安装和配置。应该知道猫、串行和并行端口、网络适配器、SCSI适配器、硬盘驱动器、USB控制器、声卡等。很多这样的设备，特别是更早的一些设置，它们需要手动配置一些参数来避免资源冲突。系统硬件的其他设置在PC的固件中完成，或者基本的输入输出系统中（BIOS）。

 

BIOS

    The firmware located in a PC, commonly called the BIOS, is responsible for bringing all of the system hardware to a state at which it is ready to boot an operating system. Systems vary, but this process usually includes system initialization, the testing of memory and other devices, and ultimately locating an operating system from among
several storage devices. In addition, the BIOS provides a low-level system configuration interface, allowing the user to choose such things as boot devices and resource assignments. Quite a few BIOS firmware vendors provide customized versions of their products  for  various PC  system  architectures. Exams do  require  an understanding of the basics. For example, a laptop BIOS may differ significantly from a desktop  system  of  similar  capability  from  the  same manufacturer. Due to  these variations, it’s impossible to test specifics, but the LPIC Level 1 exams do require
an understanding of the basics.

    PC中的固件一般也被称作BIOS，它负责使所有系统硬件达到一个准备启动操作系统的状态。系统虽然不同，但这个过程通常包含系统初始化、内存和其他设备的检测，最后，在一些存储设备中确定操作系统的位置。另外，BIOS提供了一个低级别系统配置接口。它允许用户选择诸如启动设备和资源分配。相当多的BIOS固件供应商针对不同的PC系统架构提供他们产品的定制版本。考试要求理解基础。比如，一个笔记本的BIOS可能和同一制造商的具有类似功能桌面系统大不相同。由于这些变化点，不可能测试细节，但LPI 1考试的确要求对基础的理解。

    At boot time, most PCs display a method of entering the BIOS configuration utility,usually by entering a specific keystroke during startup. Once the utility is started, a menu-based screen in which system settings can be configured appears. Depending on the BIOS vendor, these will include settings for disks, memory behavior, on-board ports (such as serial and parallel ports), and the clock, as well as many others.

   启动时，大多数的PC机显示一个进入BIOS配置功能的方法。通常在启动时以输入一个特定的按键的方式进入。一旦这个功能启动，会显示一个基于菜单的可以配置系统设置屏幕，根据BIOS提供商，将包含硬盘、内存性能，板载端口（比如串行和并行端口）、时钟以及很多其他设置。

    Date and time 日期与时间
    One of the basic functions of the BIOS is to manage the on-board hardware clock. This clock is initially set in the BIOS configuration b