实验三Huffman编码与解码

一、实验原理

Huffman编码实现的数据结构

Huffman编码为可变长编码，若各码字长度按照所对应符号出现概率的大小逆序排列，则其平均长度最小。

编码步骤：
1、将信源符号按照出现概率由大到小的顺序排列；
2、将两个最小概率组合相加，并继续这一步骤，时钟将较高的概率分支放在上部，直到概率到达1为止；
3、对每对组合的上边一个指定为1，下边一个指定为0（或相反指定）；
4、画出由概率1处到每个信源符号概率的路径，顺序记录下沿路径的1和0，所得即为该符号的Huffman码字。
在程序中具体实现上述方法的步骤如下：
1、读入待编码的文件（格式不限可能是文档、音频等）；
2、扫描文件，统计各个字符出现的概率并建立相应的树叶节点；
3、建立Huffman树，
（1）按字符概率由小到大将对应结点排序
（2） 得到文件出现的字符种类数
（3）构建霍夫曼树：先置两个初始树叶节点，再构造俩个树叶节点的父节点（合并概率），再将一节点置空，重新排序。
（4）对码树编码：函数中对最后排好序的概率遍历，判断是否为树叶节点，若是则构造huffman码结构否则递归函数直到达到树叶节点。
4、将码表及其他必要信息写入输出文件
5、第二次扫描：对源文件进行编码并输出

二、部分代码及注释：

huffman.h

#ifndef HUFFMAN_HUFFMAN_H
#define HUFFMAN_HUFFMAN_H

#include <stdio.h>

int huffman_encode_file(FILE *in, FILE *out,FILE *out_Table);//step1: changed by yzhang for huffman statistics
int huffman_decode_file(FILE *in, FILE *out);
int huffman_encode_memory(const unsigned char *bufin,
                          unsigned int bufinlen,
                          unsigned char **pbufout,
                          unsigned int *pbufoutlen);
int huffman_decode_memory(const unsigned char *bufin,
                          unsigned int bufinlen,
                          unsigned char **bufout,
                          unsigned int *pbufoutlen);

#endif

getopt.c

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

/* declarations to provide consistent linkage */
extern char *optarg;
extern int optind;
extern int opterr;

int opterr = 1,     /* if error message should be printed */
    optind = 1,     /* index into parent argv vector */
    optopt,         /* character checked for validity */
    optreset;       /* reset getopt */
char    *optarg;        /* argument associated with option */

#define BADCH   (int)'?'
#define BADARG  (int)':'
#define EMSG    ""

/*
 * getopt --
 *  Parse argc/argv argument vector.
 */
int
getopt(int nargc, char * const *nargv, const char* ostr)
{
    static char *place = EMSG;      /* option letter processing */
    char *oli;              /* option letter list index */

    if (optreset || !*place)/*如果重置的参数optreset为1或当前扫描的字符为空，则重置*/
    {
  /* update scanning pointer */
        optreset = 0;
        if (optind >= nargc || *(place = nargv[optind]) != '-') {
            place = EMSG;
            return (EOF);
        }
        if (place[1] && *++place == '-') {  /* found "--" */
            ++optind;
            place = EMSG;
            return (EOF);
        }
    }                   /* option letter okay? */
    if ((optopt = (int)*place++) == (int)':' ||
        !(oli = strchr(ostr, optopt))) {
        /*
         * if the user didn't specify '-' as an option,
         * assume it means EOF.
         */
        if (optopt == (int)'-')
            return (EOF);
        if (!*place)
            ++optind;
        if (opterr && *ostr != ':')
            (void)fprintf(stderr,
                "%s: illegal option -- %c\n", __FILE__, optopt);
        return (BADCH);
    }
    if (*++oli != ':') {            /* don't need argument */
        optarg = NULL;
        if (!*place)
            ++optind;
    }
    else {                  /* need an argument */
        if (*place)         /* no white space */
            optarg = place;
        else if (nargc <= ++optind) {   /* no arg */
            place = EMSG;
            if (*ostr == ':')
                return (BADARG);
            if (opterr)
                (void)fprintf(stderr,
                    "%s: option requires an argument -- %c\n",
                    __FILE__, optopt);
            return (BADCH);
        }
        else                /* white space */
            optarg = nargv[optind];
        place = EMSG;
        ++optind;
    }
    return (optopt);            /* dump back option letter */
}

huffcode.c

#include "huffman.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <assert.h>

#ifdef WIN32
#include <malloc.h>
extern int getopt(int, char**, char*);
extern char* optarg;
#else
#include <unistd.h>
#endif

static int memory_encode_file(FILE *in, FILE *out);
static int memory_decode_file(FILE *in, FILE *out);

static void
version(FILE *out)
{
    fputs("huffcode 0.3\n"
          "Copyright (C) 2003 Douglas Ryan Richardson"
          "; Gauss Interprise, Inc\n",
          out);
}

static void
usage(FILE* out)
{
    fputs("Usage: huffcode [-i<input file>] [-o<output file>] [-d|-c]\n"
          "-i - input file (default is standard input)\n"
          "-o - output file (default is standard output)\n"
          "-d - decompress\n"
          "-c - compress (default)\n"
          "-m - read file into memory, compress, then write to file (not default)\n",
          // step1: by yzhang, for huffman statistics
          "-t - output huffman statistics\n",
          //step1:end by yzhang
          out);
}

int
main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    char memory = 0;
    char compress = 1;
    int opt;
    const char *file_in = NULL, *file_out = NULL;
    //step1:add by yzhang for huffman statistics
    const char *file_out_table = NULL;
    //end by yzhang
    FILE *in = stdin;
    FILE *out = stdout;
    //step1:add by yzhang for huffman statistics
    FILE * outTable = NULL;
    //end by yzhang

    /* Get the command line arguments. */
    while((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "i:o:cdhvmt:")) != -1) //演示如何跳出循环，及查找括号对
    {
        switch(opt)
        {
        case 'i':
            file_in = optarg;
            break;
        case 'o':
            file_out = optarg;
            break;
        case 'c':
            compress = 1;
            break;
        case 'd':
            compress = 0;
            break;
        case 'h':
            usage(stdout);
            return 0;
        case 'v':
            version(stdout);
            return 0;
        case 'm':
            memory = 1;
            break;
        // by yzhang for huffman statistics
        case 't':
            file_out_table = optarg;            
            break;
        //end by yzhang
        default:
            usage(stderr);
            return 1;
        }
    }

    /* If an input file is given then open it. */
    if(file_in)
    {
        in = fopen(file_in, "rb");
        if(!in)
        {
            fprintf(stderr,
                    "Can't open input file '%s': %s\n",
                    file_in, strerror(errno));
            return 1;
        }
    }

    /* If an output file is given then create it. */
    if(file_out)
    {
        out = fopen(file_out, "wb");
        if(!out)
        {
            fprintf(stderr,
                    "Can't open output file '%s': %s\n",
                    file_out, strerror(errno));
            return 1;
        }
    }

    //by yzhang for huffman statistics
    if(file_out_table)
    {
        outTable = fopen(file_out_table, "w");
        if(!outTable)
        {
            fprintf(stderr,
                "Can't open output file '%s': %s\n",
                file_out_table, strerror(errno));
            return 1;
        }
    }
    //end by yzhang

    if(memory)
    {
        return compress ?
            memory_encode_file(in, out) : memory_decode_file(in, out);
    }

    if(compress)  //change by yzhang
        huffman_encode_file(in, out,outTable);//step1:changed by yzhang from huffman_encode_file(in, out) to huffman_encode_file(in, out,outTable)
    else
    huffman_decode_file(in, out);

    if(in)
        fclose(in);
    if(out)
        fclose(out);
    if(outTable)