机器学习可视化利器--Yellowbrick

来源：pythonic生物人

• 本文分享机器学习工具Scikit-Learn强力扩展yellowbrick。

• 通过几行代码可视化特征值、模型、模型评估等，帮助更便捷的的选择机器学习模型和调参，依赖Matplotlib和Scikit-Learn。

本文目录

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yellowbrick安装

# 清华源加速安装
pip install yellowbrick -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple

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yellowbrick核心“武器” - Visualizers

Visualizers可以理解为一个scikit-learn的估计器（estimator）对象，但是附加了可视化的属性，使用过程与使用scikit-learn模型类似：

• 导入特定的visualizers；

• 实例化visualizers；

• 拟合visualizers；

• 可视化展示。

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yellowbrick实例快速上手

• 展示ROC曲线，评估不同模型效果

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.figure(dpi=120)
from sklearn.linear_model import RidgeClassifier
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.preprocessing import OrdinalEncoder, LabelEncoder

from yellowbrick.classifier import ROCAUC
from yellowbrick.datasets import load_game

# 导入数据
X, y = load_game()

# 数据转换
X = OrdinalEncoder().fit_transform(X)
y = LabelEncoder().fit_transform(y)

# 构建测试集和训练集
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, random_state=42)

# 实例化分类模型和visualizer
model = RidgeClassifier()
visualizer = ROCAUC(model, classes=["win", "loss", "draw"])

visualizer.fit(X_train, y_train)  # 拟合visualizer
visualizer.score(X_test, y_test)  # 评价模型在训练集上效果
visualizer.show()

• 特征工程中，展示PCA降维效果

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.figure(dpi=120)
from yellowbrick.features import PCA

X, y = load_credit()
classes = ['account in default', 'current with bills']

visualizer = PCA(scale=True, projection=3, classes=classes)
visualizer.fit_transform(X, y)
visualizer.show()

• 回归模型中，展示预测值和真实值之间的残差，Q-Q plot评估模型效果。

from sklearn.linear_model import Ridge
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

from yellowbrick.datasets import load_concrete
from yellowbrick.regressor import ResidualsPlot

# 导入数据
X, y = load_concrete()

# 构建训练集、测试集
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=42)

# 实例化模型和visualizer
model = Ridge()
visualizer = ResidualsPlot(model, hist=False, qqplot=True)
visualizer.fit(X_train, y_train)
visualizer.score(X_test, y_test)
visualizer.show()

Residuals Plot on the Concrete dataset with a Q-Q plot

• 展示Lasso回归模型效果

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.figure(dpi=120)
from sklearn.linear_model import Lasso
from yellowbrick.datasets import load_bikeshare
from yellowbrick.regressor import prediction_error


X, y = load_bikeshare()
visualizer = prediction_error(Lasso(), X, y)#一行代码即可展示，方不方便

更多实例见下一节～～

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yellowbrick常用的Visualizers

特征展示（Feature Visualization）

• Rank Features: pairwise ranking of features to detect relationships

• Parallel Coordinates: horizontal visualization of instances

• Radial Visualization: separation of instances around a circular plot

• PCA Projection: projection of instances based on principal components

• Manifold Visualization: high dimensional visualization with manifold learning

• Joint Plots: direct data visualization with feature selection

分类模型展示（Classification Visualization）

• Class Prediction Error: shows error and support in classification

• Classification Report: visual representation of precision, recall, and F1

• ROC/AUC Curves: receiver operator characteristics and area under the curve

• Precision-Recall Curves: precision vs recall for different probability thresholds

• Confusion Matrices: visual description of class decision making

• Discrimination Threshold: find a threshold that best separates binary classes

回归模型展示（Regression Visualization）

• Prediction Error Plot: find model breakdowns along the domain of the target

• Residuals Plot: show the difference in residuals of training and test data

• Alpha Selection: show how the choice of alpha influences regularization

• Cook’s Distance: show the influence of instances on linear regression

聚类模型展示（Clustering Visualization）

• K-Elbow Plot: select k using the elbow method and various metrics

• Silhouette Plot: select k by visualizing silhouette coefficient values

• Intercluster Distance Maps: show relative distance and size/importance of clusters

模型选择（Model Selection Visualization）

• Validation Curve: tune a model with respect to a single hyperparameter

• Learning Curve: show if a model might benefit from more data or less complexity

• Feature Importances: rank features by importance or linear coefficients for a specific model

• Recursive Feature Elimination: find the best subset of features based on importance

目标展示（Target Visualization）

• Balanced Binning Reference: generate a histogram with vertical lines showing the recommended value point to bin the data into evenly distributed bins

• Class Balance: see how the distribution of classes affects the model

• Feature Correlation: display the correlation between features and dependent variables

文本展示（Text Visualization）

• Term Frequency: visualize the frequency distribution of terms in the corpus

• t-SNE Corpus Visualization: use stochastic neighbor embedding to project documents

• Dispersion Plot: visualize how key terms are dispersed throughout a corpus

• UMAP Corpus Visualization: plot similar documents closer together to discover clusters

• PosTag Visualization: plot the counts of different parts-of-speech throughout a tagged corpus

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yellowbrick图形个性化设置

https://www.scikit-yb.org/en/latest/index.html

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