第8章 python条件和循环

1、if语句

1、多重条件表达式

单个 if 语句可以通过使用布尔操作符 and , or 和 not

if not warn and (system_load >= 10):
 print "WARNING: losing resources"

2、单一语句代码块

如果一个复合语句(例如 if 子句, while 或 for 循环)的代码块仅仅包含一行代码, 那么它可 以和前面的语句写在同一行上:

if make_hard_copy: send_data_to_printer()

2、else语句

if expression:
 expr_true_suite
else:
 expr_false_suite

1、避免“悬挂 else”

if (hi>1)
    if (hi>7)
            printf("好棒好棒！")
else
     printf（"切~"）

在这个例子中，虽然else想与外层if匹配，但是按照C语言的语法，这个else是属于内层if的。初学者的一不小心，就容易导致bug出现，这就是“悬挂else”。

python有强制的缩进规定，能够明确表示出else是属于哪一个if的，从而避免出现“悬挂else”的情况发生。

3、elif语句

if expression1:
 expr1_true_suite
elif expression2:
 expr2_true_suite
elif expressionN:
 exprN_true_suite
else:
 none_of_the_above_suite

4、条件表达式，三元表达式

a = 30
b = 50
c = 80 
max = a if (a > b and a> c)  else  (b if b>c else c )
print(max)

三元表达式的嵌套

a if a>b else c if c>d else d

5、while语句

1、一般用法

while expression:
 suite_to_repeat 

2、计数循环

count = 0
while (count < 9):
 print 'the index is:', count
 count += 1 

3、无限循环

while True:
 handle, indata = wait_for_client_connect()
 outdata = process_request(indata)
 ack_result_to_client(handle, outdata) 

6、for语句

1、一般用法

for 循环会访问一个可迭代对象(例如序列或是迭代器)中的所有元素, 并在所有条目都处理过 后结束循环

for iter_var in iterable:
 suite_to_repeat 

2、用于序列类型

涵盖字符串, 列表, 以及元组.

迭代序列有三种基本方法：

        序列项迭代：

>>> nameList = ['Walter', "Nicole", 'Steven', 'Henry']
>>> for eachName in nameList:
... print eachName, "Lim"

        序列索引迭代：

>>> nameList = ['Cathy', "Terry", 'Joe', 'Heather',
'Lucy']
>>> for nameIndex in range(len(nameList)):
... print "Liu,", nameList[nameIndex] 

        序列项和索引迭代：

>>> nameList = ['Donn', 'Shirley', 'Ben', 'Janice',
... 'David', 'Yen', 'Wendy']
>>> for i, eachLee in enumerate(nameList):
... print "%d %s Lee" % (i+1, eachLee) 

3、用于迭代器类型

用 for 循环访问迭代器和访问序列的方法差不多. 唯一的区别就是 for 语句会为你做一些额 外的事情. 迭代器并不代表循环条目的集合.

迭代器对象有一个 next() 方法, 调用后返回下一个条目. 所有条目迭代完后, 迭代器引发一 个 StopIteration 异常告诉程序循环结束. for 语句在内部调用 next() 并捕获异常.

4、range（）内建函数

完整语法要求提供两个或三个整数参数：

range(start=0, end, step =1)

class range(object):
    """
    range(stop) -> range object
    range(start, stop[, step]) -> range object
    
    Return an object that produces a sequence of integers from start (inclusive)
    to stop (exclusive) by step.  range(i, j) produces i, i+1, i+2, ..., j-1.
    start defaults to 0, and stop is omitted!  range(4) produces 0, 1, 2, 3.
    These are exactly the valid indices for a list of 4 elements.
    When step is given, it specifies the increment (or decrement).
    """
    def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ rangeobject.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """
        return 0

    def index(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        rangeobject.index(value) -> integer -- return index of value.
        Raise ValueError if the value is not present.
        """
        return 0

    def __bool__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ self != 0 """
        pass

    def __contains__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return key in self. """
        pass

    def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self==value. """
        pass

    def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return getattr(self, name). """
        pass

    def __getitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self[key]. """
        pass

    def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>=value. """
        pass

    def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>value. """
        pass

    def __hash__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return hash(self). """
        pass

    def __init__(self, stop): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        pass

    def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Implement iter(self). """
        pass

    def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return len(self). """
        pass

    def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<=value. """
        pass

    def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<value. """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature. """
        pass

    def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self!=value. """
        pass

    def __reduce__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        pass

    def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return repr(self). """
        pass

    def __reversed__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return a reverse iterator. """
        pass

    start = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default

    step = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default

    stop = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default

5、 与序列相关的内建函数

sorted(), reversed(), enumerate(), zip()

7、break语句

以结束当前循环然后跳转到下条语句

8、continue语句

continue语句结束本次循环，并回到该循环语句的开头，根据条件判断是否继续执行该循环语句(结束当前循环)

9、pass语句

起到一个过度的作用，

10、再谈else语句

while 和 for 循环中使用 else 语句

如果while和for循环中一直不满足，则会执行else语句。

11、迭代器和iter()函数

python 一篇文章读懂可迭代对象、迭代器、生成器

12、列表解析

python 各类解析式

13、生成器

python 一篇文章读懂可迭代对象、迭代器、生成器