python实战打卡---day6

第二部分python字符串和正则

字符串⽆所不在，字符串的处理也是最常见的操作。本章节将总结和字符串处理相关的⼀切操作。主要 包括基本的字符串操作；⾼级字符串操作之正则。⽬前共有 25个⼩例⼦。

1. 反转字符串

   st='python'
   # 方法一
   ''.join(reversed(st)) # 'nohtyp'
   # 方法二
   st[::-1] # 'nohtyp'
   

2. 字符串切片操作

   # 查找替换3或5的倍数
   [str("java"[i%3*4:]+"python"[i%5*6:] or i) for i in range(1,15)]
   '''
   ['1',
    '2',
    'java',
    '4',
    'python',
    'java',
    '7',
    '8',
    'java',
    'python',
    '11',
    'java',
    '13',
    '14']
   '''
   

3. join串联字符串

   my=['1','2','java']
   ','.join(my) # #⽤逗号连接字符串 '1,2,java'
   

4. 字符串的字节长度

   def str_byte_len(mystr):
       return (len(mystr.encode('utf-8')))
   str_byte_len('i love python') # 13(个字节)
   str_byte_len('字符') # 6(个字节)
   

   以下是正则部分，需要引入re模块：

   import re 
   

5. 查找第一个匹配串

   s = 'i love python very much'
   pat = 'python'
   r = re.search(pat,s)
   print(r.span()) #(7,13)
   

6. 查找所有1的索引

   s = '⼭东省潍坊市青州第1中学⾼三1班'
   pat = '1'
   r = re.finditer(pat,s)
   for i in r:
       print(i)
   '''
   <_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(9, 10), match='1'>
   <_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(14, 15), match='1'>
   '''
   

7. \d匹配数字[0-9]

   findall找出全部位置的所有匹配

   s = '⼀共20⾏代码运⾏时间13.59s'
   pat = r'\d+' # +表⽰匹配数字(\d表⽰数字的通⽤字符)1次或多次
   r = re.findall(pat,s)
   print(r)
   '''
   ['20', '13', '59']
   '''
   

8. 匹配浮点数和整数

   ?表示前一个字符匹配0次或1次

   s = '⼀共20⾏代码运⾏时间13.59s'
   pat = r'\d+\.?\d+' # ?表⽰匹配⼩数点(\.)0次或1次，这种写法有个⼩bug，不能匹配到个位数的整数
   r = re.findall(pat,s)
   print(r)
   '''
   ['20', '13.59']
   '''
   

   更好的写法：

   pat = r'\d+\.\d+|\d+' # A|B，匹配A失败才匹配B['20', '13.59']
   

9. ^匹配字符串的开头

   s = 'This module provides regular expression matching operations similar to
   those found in Perl'
   pat = r'^[emrt]' # 查找以字符e,m,r或t开始的字符串
   r = re.findall(pat,s)
   print(r)
   '''
   []
   [],因为字符串的开头是字符T，不在emrt匹配范围内，所以返回为空
   '''
   

   s2 = 'email for me is guozhennianhua@163.com'
   re.findall('^[emrt].*',s2)# 匹配以e,m,r,t开始的字符串，后⾯是多个任意字符
   '''
   ['email for me is guozhennianhua@163.com']
   '''
   

10. re.l忽略大小写

    s = 'That'
    pat = r't'
    r = re.findall(pat,s,re.I) # ['T', 't']
    

11. 理解compile的作用

    如果要做很多次匹配，可以先编译匹配串：

    import re
    pat = re.compile('\W+') # \W 匹配不是数字和字母的字符
    has_special_chars = pat.search('ed#2@edc')
    if has_special_chars:
        print(f'str contains special characters:{has_special_chars.group(0)}')
    '''
    str contains special characters:#
    '''
    

    ### 再次使⽤pat正则编译对象 做匹配
    again_pattern = pat.findall('guozhennianhua@163.com')
    if '@' in again_pattern:
        print('possibly it is an email')
    '''
    possibly it is an email
    '''
    

12. 使用()捕获单词，不想带空格

    s = 'This module provides regular expression matching operations similar to those found in Perl'
    pat = r'\s([a-zA-Z]+)'
    r = re.findall(pat,s)
    print(r)
    '''
    ['module', 'provides', 'regular', 'expression', 'matching', 'operations', 'similar', 'to', 'those', 'found', 'in', 'Perl']
    '''
    

    看到提取单词中未包括第⼀个单词，使⽤ ? 表⽰前⾯字符出现0次或1次，但是此字符还有表⽰贪⼼或⾮ 贪⼼匹配含义，使⽤时要谨慎。

    s = 'This module provides regular expression matching operations similar to those found in Perl'
    pat = r'\s?([a-zA-Z]+)'
    r = re.findall(pat,s)
    print(r)
    '''
    ['This', 'module', 'provides', 'regular', 'expression', 'matching', 'operations', 'similar', 'to', 'those', 'found', 'in', 'Perl']
    '''
    

13. split分割单词

    使⽤以上⽅法分割单词不是简洁的，仅仅是为了演⽰。分割单词最简单还是使⽤ split函数。

    s = 'This module provides regular expression matching operations similar to those found in Perl'
    pat = r'\s+'
    r = re.split(pat,s)
    print(r)
    '''
    ['This', 'module', 'provides', 'regular', 'expression', 'matching', 'operations', 'similar', 'to', 'those', 'found', 'in', 'Perl']
    '''
    

    ### 上⾯这句话也可直接使⽤str⾃带的split函数：
    s.split(' ') #使⽤空格分隔
    '''
    ['This',
     'module',
     'provides',
     'regular',
     'expression',
     'matching',
     'operations',
     'similar',
     'to',
     'those',
     'found',
     'in',
     'Perl']
    '''
    

    ### 但是，对于风格符更加复杂的情况，split⽆能为⼒，只能使⽤正则
    s = 'This,,, module ; \t provides|| regular ; '
    words = re.split('[,\s;|]+',s) #这样分隔出来，最后会有⼀个空字符串
    words = [i for i in words if len(i)>0] # ['This', 'module', 'provides', 'regular']