设计模式系列-状态模式-State

案例

假如我们接到一个研发做饭机器人的需求，需求比较简单，这个机器人只会做三件事：走路，做饭，关机。做每件事都有前提条件，只有在开机状态下才能走路，做饭和关机，类似的，在做饭状态下可以进行走路或者继续做饭。
拿到需求分析后，一种简单的设计和实现是，设计一个类，此类有走路、做饭和关机的方法，在执行方法前，用 if 或者 switch 语句判断当前机器人的状态是否运行执行。这种把状态和方法耦合在一起再加上分支条件判断的方案，代码会随着需求的变化复杂度会增加而且难以维护。
有没有有一种设计方案，符合开闭原则-面向新增开放，面向修改关闭的原则，当机器人增加状态时，原有代码设计不做改动，只新增类或相关代码。答案是有的，就是我们即将讲解的状态模式。

状态模式

状态模式的核心思想是把一个对象的状态和行为分开，用不同的接口或类去定义，用状态去限制该对象的行为，行为变化时相应的状态可能也发生变化。
主要参与者如下图：

Context

• 对外提供对象的主要行为方法
• 维护一个具体的状态实例为当前状态

Sate

• 状态接口，主要来封装某种状态下的行为方法实现

ConcreteState

• 接口State 的实现类，代表某个具体状态的实现

用状态模式实现

接口 RoboticState 封装了机器人的行为，也就是上面的提到的 State 角色

public interface RoboticState {
	public void walk();
	public void cook();
	public void off();
}

类Robot 实现了接口 RoboticState , 扮演了 Context 角色，包含了一系列状态熟悉和当前状态属性。

public class Robot implements RoboticState{
        private RoboticState roboticOn;
        private RoboticState roboticCook;
        private RoboticState roboticOff;
        private RoboticState state;
		public Robot(){
			this.roboticOn = new RoboticOn(this); 
			this.roboticCook = new RoboticCook(this); 
			this.roboticOff = new RoboticOff(this);
			this.state = roboticOn;
        }
        public void setRoboticState(RoboticState state){
			this.state = state;
		}
        @Override
        public void walk() {
			state.walk();
		}
        @Override
        public void cook() {
			state.cook();
		}
        @Override
        public void off() {
			state.off();
        }
        public RoboticState getRoboticOn() {
            return roboticOn;
        }
        public void setRoboticOn(RoboticState roboticOn) {
			this.roboticOn = roboticOn;
        }
        public RoboticState getRoboticCook() {
             return roboticCook;
        }
        public void setRoboticCook(RoboticState roboticCook) {
			this.roboticCook = roboticCook;
        }
        public RoboticState getRoboticOff() {
            return roboticOff;
        }
        public void setRoboticOff(RoboticState roboticOff) {
        	this.roboticOff = roboticOff;
		}
		public RoboticState getState() {
		    return state;
		}
		public void setState(RoboticState state) { 
			this.state = state;
		}
}

开机状态实现类 RoboticOn

public class RoboticOn implements RoboticState{
	private final Robot robot;
	public RoboticOn(Robot robot){
		this.robot = robot;
	}
	@Override
	public void walk() {
		System.out.println("Walking...");
	}
	@Override
	public void cook() {
		System.out.println("Cooking..."); 
		robot.setRoboticState(robot.getRoboticCook());
	}
	@Override
	public void off() {
		robot.setState(robot.getRoboticOff()); 
		System.out.println("Robot is switched off");
	}
}

做饭状态实现类 RoboticCook

public class RoboticCook implements RoboticState{
        private final Robot robot;
        public RoboticCook(Robot robot){
			this.robot = robot;
		}
        @Override
        public void walk() {
        	System.out.println("Walking..."); 
        	robot.setRoboticState(robot.getRoboticOn());
        }
        @Override
		public void cook() {
			System.out.println("Cooking...");
		}

		@Override
		public void off() {
			System.out.println("Cannot switched off while cooking...");
		}
}

关机状态实现类 RoboticOff

public class RoboticOff implements RoboticState{

	private final Robot robot;
	public RoboticOff(Robot robot){
		this.robot = robot;
	}
	@Override
	public void walk() {
		System.out.println("Walking..."); 
		robot.setRoboticState(robot.getRoboticOn());
	}
	@Override
	public void cook() {
		System.out.println("Cannot cook at Off state.");
	}
	@Override
	public void off() {
		System.out.println("Already switched off...");
	}
}

测试代码

public class TestStatePattern {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		Robot robot = new Robot();
		robot.walk(); 
		robot.cook(); 
		robot.walk(); 
		robot.off();
		
		robot.walk(); 
		robot.off(); 
		robot.cook();
	}
}

输出结果
Walking…
Cooking…
Walking…
Robot is switched off Walking…
Robot is switched off Cannot cook at Off state.

如果此时新增一个待机的需求，该怎么办呢？新增待机状态类 RoboticStandby

public class RoboticStandby implements RoboticState{
		private final Robot robot;
		public RoboticStandby(Robot robot){ 
			this.robot = robot;
		}
        @Override
        public void walk() {
			System.out.println("In standby state..."); 
			robot.setState(robot.getRoboticOn()); 
			System.out.println("Walking...");
		}
        @Override
        public void cook() {
	        System.out.println("In standby state..."); 
	        robot.setRoboticState(robot.getRoboticCook()); 
	        System.out.println("Cooking...");
        }
        @Override
		public void off() {
			System.out.println("In standby state..."); 
			robot.setState(robot.getRoboticOff()); 
			System.out.println("Robot is switched off");
		}

}

类 Robot 新增一个待机状态，代码如下

public class Robot implements RoboticState{
        private RoboticState roboticOn;
        private RoboticState roboticCook;
        private RoboticState roboticOff;
        private RoboticState roboticStandby;
        private RoboticState state;
		public Robot(){
			this.roboticOn = new RoboticOn(this); 
			this.roboticCook = new RoboticCook(this); 
			this.roboticOff = new RoboticOff(this); 
			this.roboticStandby = new RoboticStandby(this);
			this.state = roboticOn;
        }
        public void setRoboticState(RoboticState state){
			this.state = state;
		}
        @Override
        public void walk() {
			state.walk(); 
			setState(getRoboticStandby());
		}
        @Override
        public void cook() {
			state.cook(); 
			setState(getRoboticStandby());
		}
        @Override
        public void off() {
			state.off();
		}
        public RoboticState getRoboticOn() {
            return roboticOn;
		}

		public void setRoboticOn(RoboticState roboticOn) { 
			this.roboticOn = roboticOn;
		}
		public RoboticState getRoboticCook() {
		        return roboticCook;
		}
		public void setRoboticCook(RoboticState roboticCook) {
			this.roboticCook = roboticCook;
		}
		public RoboticState getRoboticOff() {
		        return roboticOff;
		}
		public void setRoboticOff(RoboticState roboticOff) {
			this.roboticOff = roboticOff;
		}
		public RoboticState getState() {
		        return state;
		}
		public void setState(RoboticState state) {
			this.state = state;
		}
		public RoboticState getRoboticStandby() {
		    return roboticStandby;
		}
		public void setRoboticStandby(RoboticState roboticStandby) { 
			this.roboticStandby = roboticStandby;
		}
}