英语：十五、定语从句

1、关系词

（1）关系词的作用

替代作用 关系词在定语从句中都替代先行词在从句中充当一定的句子成分

成分作用 关系词在定语从句中一定要充当某一成分

连接作用 关系词位于名词或代词之后引导定语从句，起连接作用

（2）关系词的分类

a、关系代词

主要有that, who, whom, whose, which, as等。它们在定语从句用可作主语、宾语、表语或定语

who和whom只用于指人

which和as只用于指事物

whose和that既可于指人也可用于指物

b、关系副词

主要有when, where和why。它们在定语从句中均用作状语

when表示时间

where表地点

why表示原因

（3）关系词的选择

分清主句和定语从句->确定先行词->判断先行词在定语从句中的成分

2、关系代词和关系副词的用法

（1）关系代词

关系代词	先行词	成分	例句
who	人	主语、宾语	This is Mr. White, who I think has something interesting to tell you. 这是怀特先生，是他要告诉你们一些有趣的事。
whom	人	宾语	I have many friends to whom I am going to send email. 我要发邮件给很多朋友。
whose	人、物	定语	I have a friend whose wife is a teacher. 我有个朋友，他的妻子是老师。
that	人、物	主语、宾语	This is an old computer that works much slower. 这是一台运行较慢的旧电脑。
which	物	主语、宾语	Climbing is a sport which is popular with many people. 攀岩是很多人都喜欢的一项运动。
as	人、物	主语、宾语	As is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. 和平常一样，我们已经制定好了生产计划。

a、宜用that引导的定语从句

先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词应该用that。

We will never forget the teachers and schools that we had visited.

我们将永不会忘记访问过的老师和学校。

The food that we sent to the front were lost.

我们送往前线的食物丢失了。

主句本身就含有who或which时，只用that。

Who is the girl that is reading?

那个在读书的女孩是谁？

Which is the story that you like best?

你最喜欢的故事是哪个？

不定代词all, much, anything, nothing, everything, little, none等作先行词时，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。

My friend will do everything that he can do to help me.

我朋友将做他能做的一切事情来帮助我。

All that my son has to do is to sing every day.

我儿子必须做的就是每天唱歌。

序数词修饰先行词或序数词就是先行词时，关系代词常用that。

The first letter that I got from him was lost.

我收到的他的第一封来信丢了。

You are the last one that I want to see.

你是我最不想见到的人。

形容词最高级修饰先行词或形容词最高级就是先行词时，关系代词常用that。

This is the worst (way) that is used to solve the problem.

这是解决这个问题的最坏方法。

This is the most interesting thing that has happened to us.

这是发生在我们身上最有趣的事。

先行词被the only, the very, the same, just等修饰时，用that。

It is the very movie that I want to see.

它正是我想看的电影。

That is the only was that leads to success.

那是通向成功的唯一道路。

先行词或关系代词在主句中作表语时，用that。

This is the book that I borrowed from the library.

这是我从图书馆借的那本书。

He is quite different from the one that he used to be.

他已经与从前截然不同了。

先行词是way时，常用that，也可用in which来引导其后的定语从句，口语中常省去that。

Do you know the way (that)/in which they dealt with the problem?

你知道他们解决这个问题的方法吗？

在Here be/There be句型中，指物宜用that。

There is a seat in the corner that is still free.

角落里仍然有一个空座位。

b、不宜用that引导的定语从句

在非限制性定语从句中，指人用who或whom，指物用which。

The experiment is very important, which indeed it is.

这个实验很重要，事实上也是如此。

I bought a dictionary yesterday, which is very important.

昨天我买了一本很重要的字典。

在介词后面，指人用whom，指物用which。

This is the hotel in which I am staying.

这是我正住的宾馆。

This is the friend from whom I’ve learned a lot.

就是从这个朋友那里我学了很多东西。

c、只能用who来指代人的定语从句

先行词是anyone, those, one, ones时，用who。

Those who want to go please tell me.

那些想去的请告诉我。

One who has nothing to fear dares to do everything.

一个无所畏惧的人敢于做任何事。

先行词的后置定语较长时，用who。

I know the girl in blue with thick glasses who is speaking at the meeting.

我认识那个穿蓝衣服戴着厚眼镜在会上演讲的女孩。

在There be句型中，指人用who。

There is girl who wants to go with you.

有个女孩想跟你一起去。

当句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个用that时，另一个则用who。

The boy that you met yesterday is her friend who can swim.

你昨天遇到的那个男孩是她的朋友，他会游泳。

当主语是I, you, he, they等，常用于谚语、格言中时，只能用who。

He who plays with fire gets burned.

玩火者自焚。

（2）关系副词

关系副词	先行词	在从句的成分	例句
when	时间	时间状语	The time when he had to leave arrived. 到了他不得不走的时间。
where	地点	地点状语	I walked in our garden where Tom and Jim were playing games. 我在花园里散步，汤姆和吉米在那儿玩。
why	原因	原因状语	I don’t know the reason why she looks happy today. 我不知道她今天看上去开心的原因。

（3）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句

a、只有whom, which和whose可用在介词后，that不能。

This is the book the cover of which is designed by me.

这是由我设计封面的书。

This is the hero of whom we are proud.

这是我们引以为豪的英雄。

b、先行词是物时，只能用which；先行词是人时，则只能用whom。

Do you know the girl with whom our manager is talking?

你知道跟我们经理说话的女孩是谁吗？

c、当介词后的宾语提前作为先行词时，介词可以放在定语从句中，也可提前放于关系词前。若是固定搭配的动词短语，则不拆开。常见的这类动词短语有look for/after/forward to, care for, take care of, hear of/about/from等。

He is the person that/who/whom you spoke to.

=He is the person to whom you spoke.

他是与你说话的人。

Those are the pencils which you are looking for.（√）

Those are the pencils for which you are looking.（×）

那些就是你们正在找的铅笔。

3、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

（1）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别

从句类型 比较内容	限制性定语从句	非限制性定语从句
意义	起限制作用；若被省去，原句意义不完整	起补充说明作用；若被省去，原句意义不受影响
翻译	从句作先行词的定语	从句译成与主句的并列的一个分句
功能	修饰先行词	既可修饰先行词，也可修饰整个句子
关联词	可用that代替人或物，作宾语时可省略	不可用that引导，关系代词作宾语时不可省略
形式	其前无逗号	其前一般用逗号隔开

a、非限制性定语从句中，引导词which既可以指代前面的先行词，也可以指代前面的整个句子。

She is an teacher, which I am not.

她是一位老师，而我不是。

I live in Beijing, which is the capital of China.

我住在北京——中国的首都。

b、非限制性定语从句除了用which引导外，还可用when, where, who, whom等关系副词或关系代词引导。

We’ll graduate soon, when we will have to work.

我们不久将毕业，到那时我们就要工作了。

They went to Paris, where they lived for two months.

他们去了巴黎，在那儿待了两个月的时间。

c、引导非限制性定语从句时，of which/whom之前可以使用表达数量或定位的数词或代词。

Many people, some of whom are very slim, are going on diets.

一些人其实很苗条，但他们还是在节省。

Our school has over 8000 students, 60% of whom are boys.

我们学校有八千多名学生，男学生占百分之六十。

d、whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用who代替，但在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用who代替。

A young girl had a new boyfriend, whom she wanted to impress.

一个年轻的女孩新交了一个男朋友，她想给他留下深刻的印象。

e、why不能引导非限制性定语从句；若要表达原因，可用“for which”。

We didn’t accept the reason he explained, for which he was late.

我们不接受他所解释的迟到的理由。

She had told me the reason, for which I didn’t attend the meeting.

她已经把理由告诉了我，为此我没有去开会。

（2）as和which引导非限制性定语从句

as和which都可以代指前面的先行词或整个句子，在从句中作主语，或作及物动词的宾语。

They said they were aliens, which wasn’t true.

他们自称是外星人，这个不是真的。

As Engels put it, labor created man himself.

正如恩格斯指出的那样，劳动创造了人类本身。

但是，as和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，还是有不同之处的。

a、as引导时，先行词多为一个句子；which引导时，先行词可以是一个词、短语或句子。

She is good at languages, as we all know.

正如我们所知道的一样，她擅长语言表达。

She was proud, which her brother never was.

她很自豪，但她弟弟不是。

b、as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在句首、句中或句末；而which指前面提到的事实或情况，一般放在主句之后。

This rope as anybody can see, is like a snake.

任何人都看得出来，这根绳子像条蛇。

It rained heavily outside, which prevented me from going to the park.

外面下大雨，这使得我不能去公园。

c、as一般用在肯定句中；而which则可以用于含否定意义的句子中。

试比较：

He didn’t come, which was unexpected.

他又没通过考试，真出乎意料。

He didn’t come, as was expected.

正如预料的那样，他又没通过考试。

4、定语从句的其他用法

（1）定语从句和其他从句的区别

a、定语从句和同位语从句的区别

	定语从句	同位语从句
与先行词的关系	修饰关系	补充说明关系
引导词的作用	由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略	引导同位语从句的that是连词，只起语法作用，在从句中不充当任何成分
先行词的词性	可以是名词，也可以是代词	多为抽象名词

Word came that he had been back.

据说他已经回来了。（同位语从句）

The news that he told us frightened all of us.

他告诉我们的消息使大家都很害怕。（定语从句）

b、定语从句与地点状语从句的区别

与地点状语从句的区别主要是看有没有表示地点的名词作先行词，有则是定语从句。

This is the house where I lived several years ago.

这是我多年前住过的房子。（定语从句）

I found my wallet where I had left it.

我在我丢钱包的地方找到了它。（地点状语从句）

c、定语从句与结果状语从句的区别

连接词在从句中作成分时是定语从句；不作成分时是结果状语从句。

My father is such a kind person as everybody likes.

我爸爸是人人都喜欢的善良的人。（定语从句）

My father is such a kind person that everybody likes him.

我爸爸如此善良，以至于人人都喜欢他。（结果状语从句）

d、定语从句与并列句的区别

与并列句的区别主要是看第二个句子前是否有and, but等并列连词或分号等。如果有，则为并列句；反之则为定语从句。

He has three sons, all of whom are brave.

他有三个儿子，都很勇敢。（定语从句）

He has three sons, and all of them are brave.

他有三个儿子，都很勇敢。（并列句）

（2）定语从句中的主谓一致

a、定语从句的引导词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语须与先行词的人称和数一致。

He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.

不到长城非好汉。

I, who am your mother, should support you.

我是你的妈妈，理应支持你。

b、如果先行词是“one of+名词”，则从句的谓语动词应用复数形式；如果先行词是“the (only) one of+名词”，则从句谓语动词应该用单数形式。

He is one of my classmates who are playing well with me.

他是与我玩得好的同学中的一个。

He is the (only) one of my classmates who is playing well with me.

他是我的同学中唯一的一个与我玩得好的人。

（3）than和but可作关系代词引导定语从句

a、than用作关系代词时，可以引导定语从句，在从句中作主语或宾语。

You spent more time than was intended to be spent.

你花的时间超过了预期。

b、but用作关系代词时，可以引导定语从句，一般跟有否定意义的主句连用，其先行词可以是人，也可以是物，但只用于限制性定语从句中。

There was not a single one in the office but learnt a lot from him.

办公室每一个人都从他那里学到了很多东西。