英语-定语从句

定语从句(Attributive Clause)是英语中用于修饰名词或代词的从句,相当于一个“形容词”,用来限定或描述先行词(被修饰的词)。以下是系统详解,包括结构、用法、注意事项及常见错误:


一、定语从句的核心结构

先行词(名词/代词) + 引导词(关系代词/关系副词) + 从句

  • 先行词:被修饰的名词或代词(如 the book, the man, the reason)。
  • 引导词:连接主句和从句,同时充当从句的某个成分(主语、宾语、状语等)。
  • 从句:对先行词进行补充说明,必须包含完整的主谓结构。

例句
The girl who is standing there is my sister.
(先行词:the girl;引导词:who;从句:who is standing there)


二、关系代词与关系副词

1. 关系代词的用法
引导词指代对象从句中的作用例句
who主语/宾语The man who helped me is kind. (主语)
The teacher (who) we respect is retiring. (宾语)
whom宾语(正式)The woman (whom) you met is a lawyer.
whose人/物定语(所属关系)The boy whose phone was stolen cried.
which物/动物主语/宾语The book which is on the desk is mine. (主语)
The idea (which) he proposed is brilliant. (宾语)
that人/物主语/宾语The dog that barks loudly is mine. (主语)
This is the car (that) I bought. (宾语)

⚠️ 特殊规则(必须用that的情况)

  1. 先行词是不定代词(everything, anything, nothing等)。
    • Everything that he said was false.
  2. 先行词被序数词、最高级或the only/the very修饰。
    • This is the best movie that I have ever seen.
  3. 先行词同时包含人和物
    • They talked about the people and things that they remembered.

2. 关系副词的用法
引导词指代逻辑先行词类型例句
when时间time, day, yearI’ll never forget the day when we met.
where地点place, city, roomThis is the park where we played.
why原因reasonDo you know the reason why he left?

⚠️ 注意

  • 关系副词在从句中作状语,不可省略。
  • 当先行词为“the way”时,可用that/in which或省略:
    • This is the way (that/in which) he solved the problem.

三、限制性 vs 非限制性定语从句

类型限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句
作用限定先行词,不可删除补充说明,可删除不影响主句意思
逗号无逗号分隔用逗号与主句分隔
引导词that可用,且可省略关系代词(作宾语时)不用that,且不可省略关系词
翻译“…的”单独翻译为另一句话

例句对比

  1. 限制性:The book that you lent me is interesting. (你借我的那本书很有趣。)
  2. 非限制性:My brother, who lives in Paris, is a doctor. (我哥哥是医生,他住在巴黎。)

四、特殊用法与注意事项

1. 介词 + 关系代词
  • 当从句谓语动词需搭配介词时,介词可提前到引导词前。
    • This is the house in which I grew up. (= the house which I grew up in)
    • The man with whom I talked is my boss. (= the man whom I talked with)

⚠️ 固定短语的介词不可拆分

  • The children (who) she looks after are happy. (look after是固定短语,不可拆为 after whom)

2. 关系代词的省略
  • 关系代词作宾语时可省略(尤其是口语中):
    • The movie (that/which) we watched was boring.
    • The person (who/whom/that) you called is busy.

3. 避免重复先行词
  • 错误:The book that it is on the table is mine.
  • 正确:The book that is on the table is mine. (从句中无需重复it)

五、常见错误与纠正

  1. 误用关系副词代替关系代词

    • 错误:This is the museum where I visited last year. (visited是及物动词,需用which/that)
    • 正确:This is the museum which/that I visited last year.
  2. 混淆限制性与非限制性从句

    • 错误:My dog, that is brown, loves running.
    • 正确:My dog, which is brown, loves running. (非限制性从句不可用that)
  3. 误加多余代词

    • 错误:The reason why he left for is unclear.
    • 正确:The reason why he left is unclear. 或 The reason (that) he left for is unclear.

六、使用技巧

  1. 判断引导词
    • 先找先行词是人/物,再分析从句中缺什么成分(主语/宾语/状语)。
  2. 简化句子
    • 将定语从句转化为简单句验证,如:
      • The girl who is singing → The girl is singing.
  3. 写作中多样化表达
    • 交替使用关系代词和关系副词,避免重复。例如:
      • The city where I was born → The city in which I was born.

总结:定语从句的核心是明确先行词和引导词的作用,通过大量例句练习,掌握关系词的选择和从句结构,就能在写作和口语中灵活运用啦!

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