定语从句(Attributive Clause)是英语中用于修饰名词或代词的从句,相当于一个“形容词”,用来限定或描述先行词(被修饰的词)。以下是系统详解,包括结构、用法、注意事项及常见错误:
一、定语从句的核心结构
先行词(名词/代词) + 引导词(关系代词/关系副词) + 从句
- 先行词:被修饰的名词或代词(如 the book, the man, the reason)。
- 引导词:连接主句和从句,同时充当从句的某个成分(主语、宾语、状语等)。
- 从句:对先行词进行补充说明,必须包含完整的主谓结构。
例句:
The girl who is standing there is my sister.
(先行词:the girl;引导词:who;从句:who is standing there)
二、关系代词与关系副词
1. 关系代词的用法
引导词 | 指代对象 | 从句中的作用 | 例句 |
---|---|---|---|
who | 人 | 主语/宾语 | The man who helped me is kind. (主语) The teacher (who) we respect is retiring. (宾语) |
whom | 人 | 宾语(正式) | The woman (whom) you met is a lawyer. |
whose | 人/物 | 定语(所属关系) | The boy whose phone was stolen cried. |
which | 物/动物 | 主语/宾语 | The book which is on the desk is mine. (主语) The idea (which) he proposed is brilliant. (宾语) |
that | 人/物 | 主语/宾语 | The dog that barks loudly is mine. (主语) This is the car (that) I bought. (宾语) |
⚠️ 特殊规则(必须用that的情况):
- 先行词是不定代词(everything, anything, nothing等)。
- Everything that he said was false.
- 先行词被序数词、最高级或the only/the very修饰。
- This is the best movie that I have ever seen.
- 先行词同时包含人和物。
- They talked about the people and things that they remembered.
2. 关系副词的用法
引导词 | 指代逻辑 | 先行词类型 | 例句 |
---|---|---|---|
when | 时间 | time, day, year | I’ll never forget the day when we met. |
where | 地点 | place, city, room | This is the park where we played. |
why | 原因 | reason | Do you know the reason why he left? |
⚠️ 注意:
- 关系副词在从句中作状语,不可省略。
- 当先行词为“the way”时,可用that/in which或省略:
- This is the way (that/in which) he solved the problem.
三、限制性 vs 非限制性定语从句
类型 | 限制性定语从句 | 非限制性定语从句 |
---|---|---|
作用 | 限定先行词,不可删除 | 补充说明,可删除不影响主句意思 |
逗号 | 无逗号分隔 | 用逗号与主句分隔 |
引导词 | that可用,且可省略关系代词(作宾语时) | 不用that,且不可省略关系词 |
翻译 | “…的” | 单独翻译为另一句话 |
例句对比:
- 限制性:The book that you lent me is interesting. (你借我的那本书很有趣。)
- 非限制性:My brother, who lives in Paris, is a doctor. (我哥哥是医生,他住在巴黎。)
四、特殊用法与注意事项
1. 介词 + 关系代词
- 当从句谓语动词需搭配介词时,介词可提前到引导词前。
- This is the house in which I grew up. (= the house which I grew up in)
- The man with whom I talked is my boss. (= the man whom I talked with)
⚠️ 固定短语的介词不可拆分:
- The children (who) she looks after are happy. (look after是固定短语,不可拆为 after whom)
2. 关系代词的省略
- 关系代词作宾语时可省略(尤其是口语中):
- The movie (that/which) we watched was boring.
- The person (who/whom/that) you called is busy.
3. 避免重复先行词
- 错误:The book that it is on the table is mine.
- 正确:The book that is on the table is mine. (从句中无需重复it)
五、常见错误与纠正
-
误用关系副词代替关系代词
- 错误:This is the museum where I visited last year. (visited是及物动词,需用which/that)
- 正确:This is the museum which/that I visited last year.
-
混淆限制性与非限制性从句
- 错误:My dog, that is brown, loves running.
- 正确:My dog, which is brown, loves running. (非限制性从句不可用that)
-
误加多余代词
- 错误:The reason why he left for is unclear.
- 正确:The reason why he left is unclear. 或 The reason (that) he left for is unclear.
六、使用技巧
- 判断引导词:
- 先找先行词是人/物,再分析从句中缺什么成分(主语/宾语/状语)。
- 简化句子:
- 将定语从句转化为简单句验证,如:
- The girl who is singing → The girl is singing.
- 将定语从句转化为简单句验证,如:
- 写作中多样化表达:
- 交替使用关系代词和关系副词,避免重复。例如:
- The city where I was born → The city in which I was born.
- 交替使用关系代词和关系副词,避免重复。例如:
总结:定语从句的核心是明确先行词和引导词的作用,通过大量例句练习,掌握关系词的选择和从句结构,就能在写作和口语中灵活运用啦!