英语语法——定语从句

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一. 什么是定语？

只要听到…的+n. …的就是修饰这个n.的定语

二. 定语的成分

adj
The innocent nightingale died.
The nightingale brave and innocent died.(定语较长后置)
n.
The singing of the nightingale can make the rose bloom.
介词短语做定语
The nightingale out of the window heard the sighs of the youngster.
非谓语动词
The singing nightingale lost his life.
从句做定语

三.定语的位置

前小后大：通常，一个单词修饰名词放在名词前，多个名词修饰名词时放后。

• This is a fiction about a nightingale and a rose.

• The youngster grasping romance left the party of the prince.

• The rejected boy looks pitiful.

• The boy rejected looks pitiful.
  (当过去分词修饰名词时，即使只有一个名词通常放在名词后)

• I have something important to tell you.
  （当形容词修饰不定代词时，即使只有一个单词也通常放在不定代词后。）

四.定语从句

1. 定语从句的构成

n. + 引导词 + 句子

2.定语从句的引导词

按照先行词的种类分类，共5类8个。

1. 人：who whom whose that一般不指人
2. 物：that which whose
3. 时间：that which when
4. 地点：that which where
5. 原因：that which why

谁决定引导词的用法：

• I will never forget the day ____ I met you.
  这道题填when，从句不缺成分。

同样是that，在名词性从句中为引导词，在定语从句中是关系代词。

• I will never forget the day ____ we spent.
  这道题填that，从句缺少宾语。

• You had better have some reason __ you are late.

• You had better have some reason __ sounds perfect.

1. 先行词
2. 引导词在从句中充当的成分。
共同决定了定语从句引导词的用法。

定语从句引导词的分类新标准：
引导词可以按照引导词本身的词性进行分类

1. 代词（主语、宾语）: who whom that which
2. 副词（在从句中不能充当任何主干成分）：where when why
3. 形容词（在从句中修饰离他最近的名词）：whose 引导词 人/物，从句不缺少成分

练习：背过

• The rose that / which the nightingale exchanged with his life was discarded.

• Buildings whose roofs are round look beautiful.

• It has been validated by numerous facts that glories belong to those with dreams.

• Wearing my own shoes proves not only convenient but also ensures a point that the feelings of others can be ignored.

问题的关键是谁应该为道德的沦丧负责。

• The point of the issue seems who should be responsible for the decline of ethics.

外表看起来特别邋遢的他，其实内心很高尚。

• He whose appearance looks indecent proves noble in his mind.

那些全力以赴去实现梦想的人即使最终没有成功也不会感到遗憾，这很重要。

• It seems indispensable that those who spare no efforts to realize their dreams never feel pitiful although glories failed to be achieved.
  spare no efforts 全力以赴
  try one’s best 尽力而为

上课不集中精力而又想通过考试的同学往往会发现结果不能令人满意。

• Students who fail to concentrate in class but wish to pass examinations smoothly tend to find that the consequence proves less impressive.

五.定语从句特殊用法

1) that引导定语从句时，如果充当宾语that可以省略

I enjoy the book that my mother bought for me.
在分析长难句的时候，如果见到有两个名词或代词同时放到一起，中间没有连词或标点符号隔开，通常都是省略that的定语从句额。

2) 区别限制和非限制性定语从句

例：

	在分析长难句的时候，非限制就相当于插入语可以完全不看
限定	I love Liu who is beautiful.	我喜欢美丽的Liu。（暗含不美丽就不喜欢了）
非限定	I love Liu, who is beautiful.	我喜欢Liu，她很美丽

3）如果先行词和引导词之间有介词，人不用who只能用whom，物不用that只能用which

例
He is the man who we should learn from.
He is the man from whom we should learn.

I will never forget the day when I met you.
I will never forget the day on which i met you.

4) 区别the same…as; the same…that引导的定语从句

例：

He is the same man as I love. 他就像我爱的男人。	as 翻译 像
He is the same man that I love. 他就是我爱的男人。	that 翻译 是

5) as 和 which 引导的非限制性定语从句

which引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面整个句子，as也可以。但是，which只能放在主语的后面，而as则可前可后。

He enjoys talking with young ladies, which drives me mad.
As drives me mad, he enjoys talking with young ladies.

6) 定语从句中引导词which和that的区别

六. 区别定语从句和同位语从句

I have a dream that sounds funny.(定语从句）
I have a dream that I will become a rich lady.（同位语从句）

• 相同点：都是先行词+引导词+句子
• 不同点：
  1. 看从句本身的意思，定语从句是对前面名词的修饰；而同位语从句是对前面名词意思的解释。
  2. 看引导词that是否在从句中充当了成分。如果充当成分就是定语从句，如果没充当成分就是同位语从句。
  3. 定语从句的先行词可以是所有的名词，而同位语从句的先行词只能是抽象名词。
  4. 定语从句引导词8个，同位语从句引导词一般都是that。

七. 定语从句的至难点

寻找先行词

1. 定语从句的先行词就是离它最近的那个名词。
2. 定语从句的先行词是它前面并列的几个名词。
3. 定语从句的先行词是它前面的一个从句。
4. 定语从句的先行词是它前面的整个句子。
5. 定语从句的先行词和引导词被一坨东西隔开了。

八. 定语从句的考点分析

1. 只要在作文中见到名词都可以有意识的加一个定语成分把句子拉长。

• Pets can reduce loneliness.

• Pets which look cute as well as healthy can reduce loneliness of senior citizens without any children who can take care of them.

• Reading books can add knowledge.

• Reading books which keep beneficial to our physcial and mental health can add knowledge of all children and adults.

万能定语
which look adj. as well as …
pets such as …
books such as…

英汉差异对比：

• 意合 - 形合

• 句子结构

• 逻辑关系词的使用

• 主动 - 被动
  In the past decades, a variety of actions were adopted by the authorities to prevent disasters.

• 短句 - 长句
  Wuzhen is a water town in ZJ province. It locates near the river fomr BJ to HZ.

    合成方法：
    - 1. 非谓语动词 
    Wuzhen is a water town in ZJ province, locateing near the river fomr BJ to HZ.
    - 2. 加连词
    Wuzhen is a water town in ZJ province and locates near the river fomr BJ to HZ.
    - 3. 从句
    Wuzhen which locates near the river from BJ to HZ is a water town in ZJ province.
  

When I played basketball yesterday I came across a woman whose daughter was running on the playground.

人们会在门上粘贴春联，春联的主题有健康、发财和好运。
Doors will be decorated by couplets whose topics are involved in health, wealth and good luck.

九、定语从句长难句分析

能够找到一句话当中的定语成分，并且把他们通顺的翻译出来。
找定语的关键就是找名词，只要名词后不是动词就暂定为修饰这个名词的定语成分（状语）。
n + 定、同、插、状、谓

1. 定语从名词后开始到主语的谓语动词结束

Creating a “European identify” (that respects the different cultures and traditions /which go to make up the connecting fabric /of the Old Continent) is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.
创造了一个欧洲身份，这个身份尊重不同文化和习俗，这些文化和习俗组成了连接旧大陆的纽带，这绝非易事，需要一个战略性选择。

2.如果定语在主语的谓语动词后，定语就从名词后开始通常到句末结束。如果定语后有连词的话，定语不再到句末结束而是到连词之前。

In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups (which bring togenter television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses /that work in relation to one another.)
在欧洲，和其他地方一样，多媒体集团已经越来越成功。这个集团整合了工作彼此相关的电视、广播、报纸、杂志和出版社。

3.一个大定语中通常都有无数个小定语，每一个小定语都是到下一个名词后结束(固定搭配除外)。

Some of these causes are completely reasonable results (of social needs). Others are reasonable consequences (of particular advances /in science /being to some extent self-accelerating).
一些原因完全是社会需要的合理结果，另外一些是在某种程度上自我加速的科学上的特殊进步的合理结果。

不断增加定语的栗子：
I love my mother /from BJ /which the capital of China /which…

“In short”, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use (of a series of instruments /that expanded the reach /of sciencs /in innumerable directions).”
improvement and invention and use 三个名词被修饰
简而言之，一个新学派的领导人认为，科学革命很大程度上是扩大了多个领域的科学的范围的一系列工具的提高、发明和使用。

Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.
利用南极的地基探测器和球载设备的天体物理学家正在研究这些结构，并且不久就会报告他们的研究成果。

After six moths (of arguing) and final 16 hours (of hot parliamentary debates), Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority (in the world /to allow doctors to take the lives /of incurably ill patients /who wish to die.
to allow… 修饰authority，被in the world 隔开
经过六个月的争论和最终激烈的议会讨论的16个小时，澳大利亚北部领土成为世界上第一个允许医生结束想死的绝症病人的生命的合法政府。

Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence form experience /concerning comparative validity /and upon such factors as costs and availability.
是使用测试、其他种类的信息还是在特殊情况下使用二者，这取决于相对有效性的来自于经验的证据还取决于就像成本和可获得性的因素。
in a particular situation 状语（因为做定语翻译很恶心）

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