小白学习1-r语言与网站分析颜色以及文字/点/线参数的设置

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/llilac_M/article/details/80213959

colors() plot(c(1:10),type='b',col='black') text(6,5,labels = '文字',col = 'red') points(2,5,col='blue')

输入657中颜色名称及其对应的颜色，并保存在一个pdf文件中

pdf('f:/color_bar.pdf',height = 120) par(mar = c(0,10,3,0)+0.1,yaxs='i') barplot(rep(1,length(colors())),col = rev(colors()), names.arg =rev(colors()),horiz=T,las = 1, xaxt = 'n',main = expression('bars of colors in' ~ italic(colors()))) dev.off()

rgb取色

hex <- rgb(red=126,green=255,blue=211,max=255); text(6,5,labels = '文字',col = hex)

rainbow

barplot(rep(1:41), col=c(rainbow(n=6,start = 0,end = 1/6), 'white', rainbow(n=6,start = 1/6,end = 2/6), 'white', rainbow(n=6,start = 2/6,end = 3/6), 'white', rainbow(n=6,start = 3/6,end = 4/6), 'white', rainbow(n=6,start = 4/6,end = 5/6), 'white', rainbow(n=6,start = 5/6,end = 1))) x.text <- c('赤色','黄色','绿色','青色','蓝色','紫色') axis(side = 1,at =seq(from = 3,length.out = 6,by = 8.5), labels = x.text,cex = 0.75)

颜色由红变黄变白

barplot(rep(1:6),col=heat.colors(6))

绿变黄变棕

barplot(rep(1:6),col=terrain.colors(6))

蓝变青变棕

barplot(rep(1:6),col=topo.colors(6))

青变白变紫

barplot(rep(1:6),col=cm.colors(6))

颜色扩展

用户只用指定配色方案名称，就可以用包中的brewer.pal()生成颜色
sequential:生成一系列连续渐变的颜色，通常用来标记连续性数值
diverging：生成用深色签掉两端，浅色标示中部的系列颜色，可用来标记数据中的离群点
qualitative：生成一系列彼此差异比较明显的颜色，通常用来标记分类数据

调用函数brewer.pal()

library(RColorBrewer)
- seq连续型
display.brewer.all(type = 'seq') barplot(rep(1:6),col=brewer.pal(9,'YlOrRd')[3:8])
- div系列
display.brewer.all(type='div') barplot(rep(1:6),col=brewer.pal(11,'BrBG')[3:8])
- qual
display.brewer.all(type='qual') barplot(rep(1:6),col=brewer.pal(11,'Set3')[2:7])
- 设置bg的原理与col原理一样

文字元素相关参数设置

1、字体font
plot(c(0:5),col='white') text(2,4,labels='font1:正常',font = 1) text(3,3,labels='font2:粗体',font = 2) text(4,2,labels='font3:斜体',font = 3) text(5,1,labels='font4:粗斜体',font = 4)

2、大小
cex参数0.5,0.8,1,1.2,1.5，大于1表示扩大，小于1缩小

点元素相关参数设置

参数pch、col、cex

plot(1,col="white",xlim=c(1,9),ylim = c(1,7)) for(i in c(0:25)){ x <- (i%/%5)*1+1 y <- 6-(i%%5) if(length(which(c(21:25)==i))>=1){ points(x,y,pch=i,bg="red",cex=2) }else{ points(x,y,pch=i,cex=2) } text(x+0.2,y+0.2,labels = paste("pch=",i)) } points(6,5,pch="*",cex=2);text(6.2,5.2,labels = paste("pch=\"*\""))

线元素相关参数设置

线条样式lty,颜色col,宽度lwd
- lty
0 “black” 不画线；
1 “solid” 实线；
2 “dashed” 虚线；
3 “dotted” 点线；
4 “dot-dash” 点画线；
5 “longdash” 长画线；
6 ”twodash“ 点长画线。

data <- matrix(rep(rep(1:7),10),ncol=10,nrow = 7) plot(data[1,],type="l",lty=0,ylim = c(1,8),xlim = c(-1,10),axes = F) text(0,1,labels="lty=0") for (i in c(2:7)){ lines(data[i,],lty=i-1) text(0,i,labels = paste("lty=",i)) }

低级绘图

data <- data.frame(pre=c(113,134,123,145,137,196,187), now=c(129,122,134,149,146,215,208)) ylim_max <- 550 col <- c("azure4","brown4") barplot(as.matrix(rbind(data$pre,data$now)),beside = T,ylim=c(0,ylim_max),col=col,axes=F) axis(2)

标题：main，sub，xlab，ylab

title(main=list("本周pv趋势图",cex=1.5,col="red",font=3), sub=paste("范围：2013.4.22-2013.4.28“","\n","网站板块：军事科技"), ylab="网站日页面浏览量pv")

图例：

text.legend=c("上周pv","本周pv","pv同比增长","pv环比增长") col2 <- c("black","blue") legend(1,520,pch=c(15,15,16,16),legend = text.legend,col = c(col,col2),bty="n",ncol=2,cex=0.75) legend("topleft",pch=c(15,15,16,16),legend = text.legend,col = c(col,col2),bty="n",ncol = 2) legend(1,500,pch = c(15,15,NA,NA),lty = c(NA,NA,1,1),legend = text.legend,col = c(col,col2),ncol=2,bg="aliceblue")

坐标轴

axis

text.x=c("周一","周二","周三","周四","周五","周六","周天") axis(1,c(2,5,8,11,14,17,20),labels = text.x,cex.axis=0.75,col.axis="red",col="blue",col.ticks = "green") axis(2,c(0,100,200,300,400,500)) axis(4,at=seq(from=250,length.out = 7,by=40),labels=c("-60%","-40%","-20%","0","20%","40%","60%"))
- axes=F隐藏x和y轴
- xaxt=“n”隐藏x轴
- xaxs x轴的计算法方式“r”按原始数据扩大4%，“i”表示按原始数据长度
- xlog 坐标轴是否取对数
- xlim x轴的范围

rug画出样本的分布情况

plot(data$pre,data$new,main="转化率-单页浏览量") rug(data$pre) rug(data$new,side=2)

边框

bty可以取字符“0”,”l”,”7”,”c”,”u”,”]”,”n”

box()函数可以设置各边框的线条样式
bty：样式
col：颜色
lwd：边框线条宽度
lty：边框样式

网格线

grid(nx,ny,……),nx表示水平网格数目，ny表示垂直网格数目

x.text <- c(“1月”,”2月”,”3月”,”4月”,”5月”,”6月”,”7月”,”8月”,”9月”,”10月”,”11月”,”12月”)
sales.volumn <- c(158721,190094,108441,88092,68709,50116,90117,160044,186045,106334,89092,104933) plot(sales.volumn,type="b",main="月销售量趋势图",xlab="月份",ylab="销量（元）") grid(nx=NA,ny=8,lwd=1,lty=2,col="blue")

点

points(x,y,type,pch,col,bg,lwd,cex)

type
- p 画点
- l 画线
- b 同时画出点，线
- c 去除b中的点
- o 同时画出点，线，区别与b
- h 画出铅垂线
- s 阶梯线
- S 阶梯线
- n 表示空图
x <- 2:9;y <- 2:9 par(mfrow=c(3,3)) plot(1,ylim=c(1,10),xlim=c(1,10),col="white",main="type=\"p\"默认");points(x,y) plot(1,ylim=c(1,10),xlim=c(1,10),col="white",main="type=\"l\"");points(x,y,type="l") plot(1,ylim=c(1,10),xlim=c(1,10),col="white",main="type=\"b\"");points(x,y,type="b") plot(1,ylim=c(1,10),xlim=c(1,10),col="white",main="type=\"c\"");points(x,y,type="c") plot(1,ylim=c(1,10),xlim=c(1,10),col="white",main="type=\"o\"");points(x,y,type="o") plot(1,ylim=c(1,10),xlim=c(1,10),col="white",main="type=\"h\"");points(x,y,type="h") plot(1,ylim=c(1,10),xlim=c(1,10),col="white",main="type=\"s\"");points(x,y,type="s") plot(1,ylim=c(1,10),xlim=c(1,10),col="white",main="type=\"S\"");points(x,y,type="S") plot(1,ylim=c(1,10),xlim=c(1,10),col="white",main="type=\"n\"");points(x,y,type="n") dev.off()

线

abline

pv <- c(532251,574540,537528,593018,759865,843321,785337,637756,627096,618487,644126,535169,677159,635077) uv <- c(223065,216166,217605,226722,258608,319029,296505,239219,237991,247237,260646,233432,280163,269671) sol.lm <- lm(pv~uv) plot(pv~uv,xlab="独立用户数",ylab="页面浏览量") abline(sol.lm)

segment(x0,y0,x1,y1)

arrows()函数绘制箭头

plot(1,xlim=c(0,10),ylim=c(0,8),col="white") arrows(1,1,8,1,angle = 90);text(9,1,"angle=90") arrows(1,1,8,3,angle = 60);text(9,3,"angle=60") arrows(1,1,8,5,angle = 30);text(9,5,"angle=30") arrows(1,1,8,7,angle = 0);text(9,7,"angle=0")

lines

same.pre.growth <- (data$now-data$pre)/data$pre ring.growth <- c(NA,diff(data$now)/data$now[1:length(data$now)-1]) a <- 200;b <- 370 lines(c(2,5,8,11,14,17,20),a*same.pre.growth+b,type = "b",lwd=2) lines(c(2,5,8,11,14,17,20),a*ring.growth+b,type = "b",lwd=2,col="blue")

文字

text(x,y,labels,cex,col,font)

j <- 1 for (i in 1:length(data[,1])){ text(3*i-1,a*same.pre.growth[i]+b-8,paste(round(same.pre.growth[i]*10000)/100,"%",seq="")) j <- j+1 text(3*i-1,a*ring.growth[i]+b+8,paste(round(ring.growth[i]*10000)/100,"%",seq=""),col="blue") j <- j+2 }

柱状图上添加标签

j <- 1 for (i in 1:length(data[,1])){ text(j+0.5,data$pre[i]+10,data$pre[i],col = "deepskyblue4");j <- j+1 text(j+0.5,data$now[i]+10,data$now[i],col = "deepskyblue4");j <- j+2 }

多边形

par(mfrow=c(2,1)) plot(0,xlim = c(0,10),ylim = c(0,10),col="white") polygon(x=c(1,1,9,9),y=c(9,1,1,9),col="orange",border="orange") plot(0,xlim=c(0,10),ylim=c(0,10),col="white") polygon(x=c(1,1,9,9),y=c(9,1,9,1),col="orange",border = "orange")