lua的函数与闭包

     文献[1]中，在第5章function and closure中提到：

     When Lua compiles a function it generates a prototype containing the virtual machine instructions for the function, its constant values (numbers, literal strings, etc.), and some debug information. At run time, whenever Lua executes a function...end expression, it creates a new closure. Each closure has a reference to its corresponding prototype, a reference to its environment (a table wherein it looks for global variables), and an array of references to upvalues, which are used to access outer local variables.

    函数是编译时的概念，是静态的；而闭包是运行时的概念，是动态的。函数会被编译成一种原型(prototype)包含虚拟机的指令，常量和debug信息。在运行的时候，虚拟机执行这段代码，会创建一个闭包，除了会引用上述的原型外，还会应用环境变量表（全局变量）和一组upvalues的引用。upvalue可以访问外层局部变量。

参考文献

[1] Roberto Ierusalimschy, Luiz Henrique de Figueiredo, Waldemar Celes.The Implementation of Lua 5.0