高数 01.07无穷小的比较

$\color{blue}{第七节 无穷小的比较}$

$引例. x \rightarrow 0 时，3x, x^2, sin{x}都是无穷小，但 \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac {x^2}{3x}} = 0, \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\sin{x}}{3x}} = \dfrac{1}{3}, \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\sin{x}}{x^2}} = \infty,$
可见无穷小趋于0的速度是多样的。

$定义.设\alpha,\beta是自变量同一变化过程的无穷小，若\lim{\dfrac{\beta}{\alpha}} = 0,则称\beta是比\alpha高阶的无穷小,记作\beta = o(\alpha)$
$若\lim{\dfrac{\beta}{\alpha}} = \infty,则称\beta是比\alpha低阶的无穷小；$
$若\lim{\dfrac{\beta}{\alpha}} = C \neq 0,则称\beta是\alpha的同阶无穷小；$
$若\lim{\dfrac{\beta}{\alpha}^k} = C \neq 0,则称\beta关于\alpha的k阶无穷小；$
$若\lim{\dfrac{\beta}{\alpha}} = 1,则称\beta是\alpha的等价无穷小，记作\alpha \sim \beta$

$例如，当x \rightarrow 0时，x^3 = o(6x^2); \sin{x} \sim x; \tan{x} \sim x; \arcsin{x} \sim x$
$又如，\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{1 - \cos{x}}{x^2}} = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{2\sin^2{\frac{x}{2}}}{4(\frac{x}{2})^2}} = \dfrac{1}{2}\\ 故x \rightarrow 0时，1 - \cos{x} 是关于x的二阶无穷小，\\ 且 1 - \cos{x} \sim \frac{1}{2}{x^2}$

$例1.证明：当x \rightarrow 0时，sqrt[n]{1 + x} - 1 \sim \dfrac{1}{n}{x}$
$证：\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{sqrt[n]{1 + x} - 1}{\frac{1}{n}{x}}}$
$\qquad a^n - b^n = (a - b)(a^{n - 1} + a^{n - 2}b + \cdots + b^{n - 1})$
$= \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{(\sqrt[n]{1 + x})^n - 1}{\frac{1}{n}{x}[(\sqrt[n]{1 + x})^{n - 1} + (\sqrt[n]{1 + x})^{n - 2} + \cdots + 1]}}$
$=1$
$当x \rightarrow 0时，\sqrt[n]{1 + x} - 1 \sim \dfrac{1}{n}{x}$

$定理1.\alpha \sim \beta \Longleftrightarrow \beta = \alpha + o(\alpha)$
$证：\alpha \sim \beta \Longleftrightarrow \lim{\dfrac{\beta}{\alpha}} = 1$
$\Longleftrightarrow \lim(\dfrac{\beta}{\alpha} -1) = 0,即\lim{\dfrac{\beta - \alpha}{\alpha}} = 0$
$\Longleftrightarrow \beta - \alpha = o(\alpha),即\beta = \alpha + o(\alpha)$
$例如，x \rightarrow 0时，\sin{x} \sim x, tan{x} \sim x,故$
$x \rightarrow 0时，\sin{x} = x + o(x), \tan{x} = x + o(x)$

$定理2.设\alpha \sim \alpha^{'}, \beta \sim \beta^{'},且 \lim{\dfrac{\beta^{'}}{\alpha^{'}}}存在，则\lim{\dfrac{\beta}{\alpha}} = \lim{\dfrac{\beta^{'}}{\alpha^{'}}}$
$证：\lim{\dfrac{\beta}{\alpha}} = \lim{\Bigg(\dfrac{\beta}{\beta^{'}} \dfrac{\beta{'}}{\alpha^{'}} \dfrac{\alpha^{'}}{\alpha} \Bigg)}$
$=\lim{\dfrac{\beta}{\beta^{'}}} \lim{\dfrac{\beta^{'}}{\alpha^{'}}} \lim{\dfrac{\alpha^{'}}{\alpha}}$
$=\lim{\dfrac{\beta^{'}}{\alpha^{'}}}$

$例如，\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\tan{2x}}{\sin{5x}}} = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{2x}{5x}} = \dfrac{2}{5}$

$说明：设计同一变化过程，\alpha,\beta为无穷小，由等价无穷小的性质，可得简化某些极限运算的下述规则.$
$(1)和差取大规则：若\beta = o(\alpha),则\alpha \pm \beta \sim \alpha$
$例如,\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\sin{x}}{x^3 + 3x}} = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{x}{x^3 + 3x}} = \dfrac{1}{3}$
$和差代替规则：若\alpha \sim \alpha^{‘},\beta \sim \beta^{‘}且\beta与\alpha不等价，\\ 则\alpha - \beta \sim \alpha^{‘} - \beta^{‘},且\lim{\dfrac{\alpha - \beta}{\gamma}} = \lim{\dfrac{\alpha^{‘} - \beta^{‘}}{\gamma}},\\ 但\alpha \sim \beta时此结论未必成立.$
$例如，\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\tan{2x} - \sin{x}}{\sqrt{1 + x} - 1}} = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{2x - x}{\frac{1}{2}x}} = 2$
$(3)因式代替规则：若\alpha \sim \beta,且\phi(x)极限存在或有界，则\lim{\alpha \phi(x)} = \lim{\beta \phi(x)}$
$例如，\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\arcsin{x} \cdot \sin {\dfrac{1}{x}}} = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{x \cdot \sin{\dfrac{1}{x}}} = 0$

$例1.求\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\tan{x} - \sin{x}}{x^3}}.$
$解：原式 = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac {\tan{x} (1 - \cos{x} ) } {x^3} } \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac {x \cdot \frac{1}{2}x^2} {x^3}} \\ = \dfrac {1}{2}$

$例2.求\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{(1 + x^2)^{\frac{1}{3}} - 1}{\cos{x} - 1}}.$
$解：当x \rightarrow 0时，\\ (1 + x^2)^{\frac{1}{3}} - 1 \sim \dfrac{1}{3}x^2 \\ \cos{x} - 1 \sim -\dfrac{1}{2}x^2 \\ \therefore \quad 原式 = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\frac{1}{3}x^2}{-\frac{1}{2}x^2}} = -\dfrac{2}{3}$

内容小结
$1.无穷小的比较 \\ 设\alpha,\beta对同一自变量的变化过程为无穷小，且{\color{blue} {\alpha \neq 0} }$
$\lim{\dfrac{\beta}{\alpha}} = \left \{ \begin{array}{l} 0, \qquad \quad \ \ \beta是\alpha的{\color{blue} {高阶} }无穷小\\ \infty, \qquad \quad \beta是\alpha的{\color{blue} {低阶} }无穷小\\ C(\neq 0), \quad \beta是\alpha的{\color{blue} {同阶} }无穷小\\ 1, \qquad \quad \ \ \beta是\alpha的{\color{blue} {等阶 } }无穷小 \end{array} \right.$
$\lim{\dfrac{\beta}{\alpha^{k}}} = C \neq 0, \beta是\alpha的k阶无穷小.$
$常用等价无穷小：当x \rightarrow 0时，$
$\sin{x} \sim x, \quad tan{x} \sim x, \quad \arcsin{x} \sim x,$
$1 - \cos{x} \sim \frac{1}{2}x^2, \quad {\sqrt[n]{1 + x} - 1} \sim \frac{1}{n}x$
$e^x - 1 \sim x, \quad \ln(1 + x) \sim x$

$2.等价无穷小替换定理Th2$

复习
一、极限的重要公式
$1)\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty}{1 + \dfrac{1}{n}}^n = c; \quad \ \ 2)\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\sin{x}}{x}} = 1; \\ 3)\lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{(1 + \dfrac{1}{x})^x} = e; \quad 4)\lim_{z \rightarrow 0}{(1 + z)^{\frac{1}{z}}} = e.$
二、常见等价的无穷小
$当x \rightarrow 0时，$
$1) \sin{x} \sim x; \qquad \qquad \ \ \ 2) \tan{x} \sim x;$
$3)\arcsin{x} \sim x; \qquad \quad \ \ 4)\arctan{x} \sim x ;$
$5) e^x - 1 \sim x; \qquad \qquad \ 6) \ln{1 + x} \sim x;$
$7)\sqrt[n]{1 +x} - 1 \sim \dfrac{1}{n}x; \quad 8)1 - \cos{x} \sim \dfrac{x^2}{2} .$