高数 01.05极限运算法则

$\color{blue}{第五节 极限运算法则}$

$\qquad本节将讨论极限的求法，主要是建立极限运算的四运算法则和 \\ 复合函数的运算法则，利用这些法则，可以求某些函数的极限，以后我 \\ 们将逐步介绍求极限的其他方法。$
$\qquad在下面的讨论中，记号“lim”下面没有标明自变量的变化过程， \\ 实际上，下面的定理对x \rightarrow x_0及x \rightarrow \infty \\ 都是成立的。在论证时，我们只证明了x \rightarrow x_0的情形，只要把\delta改成 \\ X，把x<|x-x_| < \delta改成|x| > X,就可得x \rightarrow \infty情形的证明.$

$\color{blue}{一、无穷小的运算法则}$

定理1.有限个无穷小的和还是无穷小.
$证：考虑两个无穷小的和，设lim_{x \rightarrow x_0}\alpha = 0,lim_{x \rightarrow x_0} \beta = 0,\\ \forall \varepsilon > 0, \exists \delta_{1} > 0,当0 < |x -x_0| < \delta_{1}时，有|\alpha| < \dfrac {\varepsilon}{2}\\ \qquad \quad \exists \delta_2 > 0,当0 < |x - x_0| < \delta_2时，有|\beta| < \dfrac{\varepsilon}{2}\\ 取\delta=min{\delta_1,\delta_2},则当0 < |x - x_0| < \delta时，有\\ \qquad |\alpha + \beta| \leq |\alpha| + |\beta| < \dfrac{\varepsilon}{2} + \dfrac{\varepsilon}{2} = \varepsilon \\ 因此 \qquad \qquad \lim_{x \rightarrow x_0}(\alpha + \beta) = 0. \\ 这说明当x \rightarrow x_0时，\alpha + \beta 为无穷小。 类似可证：有限个无穷小之和仍为无穷小。$
说明：无限个无穷小之和不一定是无穷小!
例如，

$$\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty}{n \big(\dfrac{1}{n^2 + \pi} + \dfrac{1}{n^2 + 2\pi} + \cdots + \dfrac{1}{n^2 + n\pi} \big) = 1}$$

定理2.有界函数与无穷小的乘积是无穷小。
$证：设\forall x \in \mathring{U}(x_0, \delta_1),|u| \leq M \\ 又设\lim_{x \rightarrow x_0}\alpha = 0,即\forall \varepsilon > 0, \exists \delta_2 > 0,当 x \in \mathring{U}(x_0, \delta_2)时，有|\alpha| \dfrac{\varepsilon}{M} \\ 取 \delta = \min{\delta_1, \delta_2 },则当x \in \mathring{U}(x_0, \delta)时，就有\\ \qquad |u \alpha | = |u| | \alpha | \leq M \cdot \dfrac{\varepsilon}{M} = \varepsilon \\$
$故\lim_{x \rightarrow x_0}{u \alpha } = 0,即u \alpha 是{x \rightarrow x_0}时的无穷小.$
推论1.常数与无穷小的乘积是无穷小.
推论2.有限个无穷小的乘积是无穷小.

$例1.求\lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac {\sin(x)}{x}}.$
解：
$\because |\sin(x)| \leq 1$
$\lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac {1} {x}} = 0$
$利用定理2可知\lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{\sin(x)}{x}} = 0$

$说明：y = 0是y = \dfrac{sin(x)}{x}的渐近线$

$\color{blue}{二、极限的四则运算法则}$

$定理3.若\lim f(x) = A,\lim g(x) = B,则有$
$\lim [f(x) \pm g(x)] = \lim f(x) \pm \lim g(x) = A \pm B$
证：
$\because \lim f(x) = A, \lim g(x) = B,则有$
$\quad f(x) = A + \alpha, g(x) = B + \beta$
$\quad (其中\alpha \beta为无穷小)$
$于是f(x) \pm g(x) = (A + \alpha) \pm (B + \beta)$
$\qquad \qquad \qquad \quad = (A \pm B) + (\alpha \pm \beta)$
$由定理1可知\alpha \pm \beta也是无穷小，再利用极限与无穷小的关系定理\\ ，知定理结论成立.$

$推论：若\lim f(x) = A, \lim g(x) = B,且 f(x) \geq g(x),则A \geq B.$

提示：令\varphi(x) = f(x) - g(x)
利用报号性定理证明.
说明：定理3可推广到有限个函数相加、减的情形。

$定理4.若\lim f(x) =A, \lim g(x) = B, 则有\lim[f(x)g(x)] = \lim (fx) \lim g(x) = AB$

提示：利用极限与无穷小关系定理及本节定理2证明。
说明：定理4可推广到有限个函数相乘的情形。
$推论1. \lim[C f(x)] = C \lim f(x) \quad (C为常数)$
$推论2. \lim[f(x)]^n = [\lim f(x)]^n \quad (n为正整数)$
$例2.设n次多项式P_n(x) = a_0 + a_1x + \cdots + a_nx^n,试证 \lim_{x \rightarrow x_0}{P_n(x) = P_n(x_0)}.$
证：

$$\begin{align} \lim_{x \rightarrow x_0}P_n(x) &= a_0 + a_1 \lim_{x \rightarrow x_0}x + \cdots + a_n \lim_{x \rightarrow x_0}x^n \\ &= P_n(x_0) \end{align}$$

$定理5.若\lim f(x) = A, \lim g(x) = B,且B \neq 0,则有\\ \lim {\dfrac{f(x)}{g(x)}} = \dfrac {\lim f(x)}{\lim g(x)} = \dfrac {A}{B}$

$证：因 \lim f(x) = A, \lim g(x) = B,有\\ f(x) = A + \alpha, g(x) = B + \beta,其中\alpha、\beta为无穷小 \\ 设 \gamma =\dfrac {f(x)}{g(x)} - \dfrac{A}{B} = \dfrac{A + \alpha}{B + \beta} - \dfrac{A}{B} = \dfrac {1}{B(B + \beta)}{(B \alpha - A \beta)} \\ 【{B(B + \beta)}】有界，【(B \alpha - A \beta)】是无穷小\\ 因此\gamma 为无穷小，\dfrac{f(x)}{g(x)} = \dfrac{A}{B} + \gamma \\ 由极限与无穷小关系定理，得 \lim \dfrac{f(x)}{g(x)} = \dfrac {A}{B}$

$定理6.若\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} x_n = A, \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} y_n = B,则有 \\ (1) \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty}(x_n \pm y_n) = A \pm B \\ (2) \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty}{x_n y_n} = AB \\ (3) 当y_n \neq 0 且 B \neq 0时，\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac {x_n} {y_n}} = \dfrac {A}{B}$
提示：因为数列是一种特殊的函数，故此定理可由定理3，4，5直接得出结论。

$例3.设有分式函数R(x) = \dfrac{P(x)}{Q(x)},其中P(x),Q(x)都是多项式，若Q(x_0) \neq 0,试证：\lim_{x \rightarrow x_0}R(x) = R(x_0).$
证：
$\lim_{x \rightarrow x_0}R(x) = \dfrac{\lim_{x \rightarrow x_0}P(x)}{\lim_{x \rightarrow x_0}Q(x)} = \dfrac{P(x)}{Q(x)} = R(x_0)$
$说明：若Q(x_0) = 0,不能直接用商的运算法则.$

例4.$\lim_{x \rightarrow 3}{\dfrac{x^2 - 4x + 3}{x^2 - 9}}$
注意：x=3时，分母为0！
$\lim_{x \rightarrow 3}{\dfrac{x^2 - 4x + 3}{x^2 - 9}} = \lim_{x \rightarrow 3}\dfrac{(x - 3)(x - 1)}{(x - 3)(x + 3)} = \lim_{x \rightarrow 3}{\dfrac{x - 1}{ x + 3}} = \dfrac{x - 1}{x +3} = \dfrac{2}{6} = \dfrac{1}{3}$

$例5.求\lim_{x \rightarrow 1}{\dfrac{2x - 3}{x^2 -5x + 4}}.$
$解：x = 1时，分母 = 0,分子 \neq 0,但因\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 1}{\dfrac{x^2 - 5x + 4}{2x - 3}} = \dfrac{x^2 - 5x + 4}{2x - 3} = \dfrac{1^2 - 5 \cdot 1 + 4}{2 \cdot 1 - 3} = \dfrac{0}{-1}$
$\therefore \lim_{x \rightarrow 1}{\dfrac{2x - 3}{x^2 - 5x + 4}} = \infty$

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疑问：
$令：f(x) = \dfrac{2x - 3}{x^2 -5x + 4} = \dfrac{2x - 3}{(x -1)(x - 4)}$
$A:当x \rightarrow 1^-时，令无穷小\varepsilon > 0, x = 1 - \varepsilon$
$则f(x) = \dfrac{2(1 - \varepsilon) - 3}{(1 - \varepsilon -1)(1 - \varepsilon - 3)} = -\dfrac{2\varepsilon + 1}{\varepsilon(\varepsilon + 2)} < 0$
$B:又当x \rightarrow 1^+时，令无穷小\varepsilon > 0, x = 1 + \varepsilon$
$则f(x) = \dfrac{2(1 + \varepsilon) - 3}{(1 + \varepsilon -1)(1 + \varepsilon - 3)} = \dfrac{2(\varepsilon - 2) + 3}{\varepsilon(\varepsilon - 2)}$
$假设f(x) = \dfrac{2(\varepsilon - 2) + 3}{\varepsilon(\varepsilon - 2)} > 0$
$\dfrac{2}{\varepsilon} - \dfrac{3}{\varepsilon(2 - \varepsilon)} > 0$
$\dfrac{2}{\varepsilon} > \dfrac{3}{\varepsilon(2 - \varepsilon)}$
$2\varepsilon (2 - \varepsilon) > 3\varepsilon$
$\varepsilon - 2\varepsilon^2 > 0$
$1 - 2\varepsilon > 0$
$\varepsilon < \dfrac{1}{2}$
$\because \varepsilon为>0的无穷小，\therefore \varepsilon < \dfrac{1}{2} 成立$
$\therefore lim_{x \rightarrow 1^+}f(x) > 0$
由A、B可知：
$\lim_{x \rightarrow 1^-}\dfrac{2x - 3}{x^2 -5x + 4} < 0$
$\lim_{x \rightarrow 1^+}\dfrac{2x - 3}{x^2 -5x + 4} > 0$
$结合\lim_{x \rightarrow 1}{\dfrac{x^2 - 5x + 4}{2x - 3}} = 0 \\ \therefore \\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 1^-}\dfrac{2x - 3}{x^2 -5x + 4} = -\infty \\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 1^+}\dfrac{2x - 3}{x^2 -5x + 4} = +\infty$

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$例6.求\lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{4x^2 - 3x +9}{5x^2 + 2x -1}}.$
解：
$x \rightarrow \infty,分母 \rightarrow \infty,分子 \rightarrow \infty$
$分子、分母同除以x^2,则$
$原式 = \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{4 - 3 \dfrac{1}{x} +9 \dfrac{1}{x^2}}{5 + 2 \dfrac{1}{x} - \dfrac{1}{x^2}}} = \dfrac{4}{5}$

$例7.求\lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{3x^2 - 2x - 1}{2x^3 -x^2 + 5}}$
$解：先用x^3除分子、分母，然后求极限，得$
$\lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{3x^2 - 2x - 1}{2x^3 -x^2 + 5}} = \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{\dfrac{3}{x} - \dfrac{2}{x^2} - \dfrac{1}{x^3}}{2 - \dfrac{1}{x} + \dfrac{5}{x^3}}} = \dfrac{0}{2} = 0$

$例8.求\lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{2x^3 -x^2 + 5}{3x^2 - 2x -1}}.$
$解：先用x^2除分子、分母，然后求极限，得$
$\lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{2x^3 -x^2 + 5}{3x^2 - 2x -1}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{2 -\dfrac{1}{x} + \dfrac{5}{x^3}}{\dfrac{3}{x} - \dfrac{2}{x^2} -\dfrac{1}{x^3}}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{2}{\frac{3}{\infty}}} \\ = \infty$

一般有如下结果：
$\lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{a_0x^m + a_1x^{m - 1} + \cdots + a_m}{b_0x^n + b_1x^{n - 1} + \cdots + b_n}} \\ \qquad \qquad {(a_0b_0 \neq 0, m,n为非负常数)} \ $
$\qquad= \left \{ \begin{array}{l} \dfrac{a_0}{b_0}, \quad 当n = m {\quad \color{green} {(例6)}}\\ 0, \qquad 当n > m {\quad \color{green} {(例7)}}\\ \infty, \quad \ \ 当n < m {\quad \color{green} {(例8)}}\end{array} \right.$

$\color{blue}{三、复合函数的极限运算法则}$

$定理7.设\lim_{x \rightarrow x_0}{\phi(x)} = a,且x满足0 < |x - x_0| < \delta_1时，\\ \phi(x) \neq a,又\lim_{u \rightarrow a}f(u) = A,则有 \\ \lim_{x \rightarrow x_0}{f[\phi(x)]} = \lim_{u \rightarrow a}f(u) = A \qquad ①$
证：
$\lim_{u \rightarrow a}f(u) = A \Longrightarrow \forall \varepsilon > 0, \exists \eta > 0, 当0 < |u - a| < \eta时，有|f(u) - A| < \varepsilon$
$\lim_{x \rightarrow x_0}{\phi(x)} = a \Longrightarrow 对上述\eta > 0, \exists \delta_2 > 0,当 0 < |x - x_0| < \delta_2时，有|\phi(x) - a| < \eta$
$取\delta = \min(\delta_1, \delta_2),则当0 < |x - x_0| < \delta时，有$
$\qquad 0 < |\phi(x) - a| = |u - a| < \eta$
$故\quad |f[\phi(x)] - A| = |f(u) - A| < \varepsilon,因此①式成立.$
$说明：若定理中\lim_{x \rightarrow x_0}{\phi(x)} = \infty,则类似可得$
$\qquad \lim_{x \rightarrow x_0}{f[\phi(x)]} = \lim_{u \rightarrow \infty}f(u) = A$

$例9.求\lim_{x \rightarrow 3}{\sqrt{\dfrac{x - 3}{x^2 - 9}}}.$
解：
$\lim_{x \rightarrow 3}{\sqrt{\dfrac{x - 3}{x^2 - 9}}} = \lim_{x \rightarrow 3}{\sqrt{\dfrac{1}{x + 3}}} = \sqrt{\dfrac{1}{6}}$

$例10.求\lim_{x \rightarrow 1}{\dfrac{x - 1}{\sqrt{x} - 1}}.$
解：
$\lim_{x \rightarrow 1}{\dfrac{x - 1}{\sqrt{x} - 1}} = \lim_{x \rightarrow 1}{\dfrac{(\sqrt{x} +1)(\sqrt{x} -1)}{\sqrt{x} -1}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 1}{\sqrt{x} +1} = 2$

内容小结
$1.极限的运算法则 Th1,Th2,Th3,Th4,Th5,Th7$

$$\left. \begin{array} {l} (1)无穷小运算法则 \\ (2)极限四则运算法则 \\ (3)复合函数极限运算法则 \end{array} \right \} 注意使用条件$$
2.求函数极限的方法
(1)分式函数极限求法
$$\begin{align} &1)x \rightarrow x_0时，用代入法(分母不为0)\\ &2)x \rightarrow x_0时，对\dfrac{0}{0}型，约去公因子\\ &3)x \rightarrow \infty时，分子分母同时除以最高次幂\\ \end{align}$$
(2)复合函数极限求法——设中间变量

思考与练习
$1.若\lim f(x)存在，\lim g(x)不存在，问\lim [f(x) + g(x)]是否存在？为什么？$
答：不存在，因为：
$若\lim [f(x) + g(x)] 存在，则：\lim [f(x) + g(x)] - \lim f(x)存在极限$
$推知\lim g(x) = \lim [f(x) + g(x) -f(x)]存在极限，\\这与条件不符，故\lim [f(x) + g(x)] 不存在极限$

$2.lim_{n \rightarrow \infty}{\lceil \dfrac{1}{n^2} + \dfrac{2}{n^2} + \dfrac{3}{n^2} + \cdots + \dfrac{n}{n^2} \rceil} = ?$
解：
$原式\\ =\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty}{\lceil \dfrac{n(n+1)}{2n^2} \rceil} \\ = \lceil \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty}{(\dfrac{1}{2} + \dfrac{1}{2n}) } \rceil \\ = \lceil \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty}{(\dfrac{1}{2}) } \rceil \\ =\lceil \dfrac{1}{2} \rceil \\ = 1$

$3.求\lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{x(\sqrt{x^2 + 1} -x)}.$
解：
$原式 = \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{x(\sqrt{x^2 + 1} -x)(\sqrt{x^2 + 1} + x)}{(\sqrt{x^2 + 1} + x)}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{x}{\sqrt{x^2 + 1} + x}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{{1 + \dfrac{1}{x^2}}} + 1}} \\ =\dfrac{1}{2}$

$4.试确定常熟a使\lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{(\sqrt[3]{1 - x^3} - ax)} = 0.$
解：
$\lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{(\sqrt[3]{1 - x^3} - ax)} = 0 \\ \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{\sqrt[3]{1 - x^3}}{ax}} - \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{1} = 0 \\ \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{\sqrt[3]{1 - x^3}}{ax}} = 1 \\ a = \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{\sqrt[3]{1 - x^3}}{x}} \\ a = \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{\sqrt[3]{1 - x^3}}{\sqrt[3]{x^3}}} \\ a = \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{1}{x^3} - 1}} \\ a = -1$