高数 06.03 积分习题课02定积分A

$\color{blue}{一元函数积分学习题课}$

$\color{blue}{定积分}$

一、考试内容
定积分的概念和基本性质，定积分的几何意义，变上限的积分定义的函数及其导数，牛顿-莱布尼兹公式，定积分的换元法和分部积分法，定积分的应用。
二、考试要求
1.理解定积分的概念，了解定积分的几何意义，掌握定积分的基本性质。
2.理解变上限积分的含义，会求这类函数的导数。
3.掌握牛顿-莱布尼兹公式。
4.熟练掌握定积分的换元法和分部积分法。
5.会应用定积分计算平面图形的面积和旋转体体积。
三、基本知识
(一)定积分
1、定积分定义
$设函数f(x)定义在[a, b]上，若对[a, b]的任一种分法a = x_0 < x_1 < x_2 < \cdots < x_n = b, 另\Delta{x_i} = x_i - x_{i - 1},任取\xi_i \in [x_{i - 1}, x_i],只要\lambda = max_{1 \leq i \leq n}{\lbrace \Delta{x_i} \rbrace} \rightarrow 0时,\sum_{i = 1}^{n}{f(\xi_i)\Delta{x_i}}总趋于确定的极限I,则称此极限I为函数f(x)在区间[a, b]上的定积分,记作\int_a^b{f(x)dx}$
$a–积分下限\\ b–积分上限\\ f(x)–被积函数\\ f(x)dx–被积表达式$
2.定积分的几何意义：
$f(x) > 0, \int_a^b{f(x)dx} = A 曲边梯形面积\\ f(x) < 0, \int_a^b{f(x)dx} = -A 曲边梯形面积的负值$
$\int_a^b{f(x)dx} = 各部分面积的代数和$
3.定积分的性质
$(1).\int_a^b{f(x)dx} = -\int_b^a{f(x) dx} \Longrightarrow \int_a^a{f(x) dx} = 0$
$(2).\int_a^b{dx} = b - a$
$(3).\int_a^b{k(f(x)dx} = k\int_a^b{f(x)dx} \quad (k为常数)$
$(4).\int_a^b{[f(x) \pm g(x)]} = \int_a^b{f(x)dx} \pm \int_a^b{g(x)dx}$
$(5).\int_a^b{f(x)dx} = \int_a^c{f(x)dx} + \int_c^b{f(x)dx}$
$(6).若在[a, b]上f(x) geq 0,则\int_a^b{f(x)dx} \geq 0.$
$推论1.若在[a, b]上f(x) \leq g(x),则\int_a^b{f(x)dx} \leq \int_a^b{g(x)dx}$
$推论2.|\int_a^b{f(x)dx}| \leq \int_a^b{|f(x)|dx} \quad (a < b)$
$(7).积分估值定理:设M=max_{[a, b]}{f(x)}, m = min_{[a, b]}{f(x)},则\\ m(b- a) \leq \int_a^b{f(x)dx} \leq M(b -a)$
$(8).积分中值定理\\ 若f(x) \in C[a, b],则至少存在一点\xi \in [a, b], 使\\ \int_a^b{f(x)dx} = f(\xi)(b -a)$
4.变上限积分定义的函数及其导数
$(1)若f(x) \in C[a, b], 则变上限函数\Phi(x) = \int_a^x{f(t)dt}$
$(2)\dfrac{d}{dx}\int_a^{\varphi(x)}{f(t)dt} = f[\varphi(x)]\varphi^{\prime}(x)$
5.牛顿-莱布尼兹公式
$设F(x)是连续函数f(x)在[a, b]上的一个原函数,\\ 则\int_a^b{f(x)dx} = F(b) - F(a)$
6.定积分的换元法
(1)定积分的换元法
$设函数f(x) \in C[a, b],单值函数x = \varphi(t)满足:\\ \varphi(t) \in C^1[\alpha, \beta], \varphi(\alpha) = a, \varphi(\beta) = b;\\ \int_a^b{f(x)dx} = \int_{\alpha}^{\beta}{f[\varphi(t)]\varphi^{\prime}(t)dt}$
(2)定积分的分部积分法
$设u(x),v(x) \in C^1[a, b], \\ \int_a^b{u(x)v^{\prime}(x)dx} = [u(x)v(x)]_a^b - \int_a^b{u^{\prime}(x)v(x)dx}$
7.一些比较重要的结论
$设f(x) \in C[-a, a],\\ (1)若f(-x) = f(x),则\int_{-a}^a{f(x)dx} = 2\int_0^a{f(x)dx}\\ (2)若f(-x)=-f(x),则\int_{-a}^a{f(x)dx} = 0$
$(3)若f(x)是以l为周期的周期函数且连续,则\\ \int_a^{a + l}{f(x)dx} = \int_0^l{f(x)dx}$
$即:周期函数在每个周期上的积分值相等$
$证:\\ f(x+l) = f(x)\\ \int_a^{a+l}{f(x)dx} = \int_a^0{f(x)dx} + \int_0^l{f(x)dx} + \int_l^{a + l}{f(x)dx} \\ 令t = x -l,\\ \int_l^{a + l}{f(x)dx} = \int_0^a{f(t +l) dt} =\int_0^a{f(x + l)dx} = \int_0^a{f(x)dx}\\ 即 \int_a^{a+l}{f(x)dx}= \int_a^0{f(x)dx} + \int_0^l{f(x)dx} + \int_0^a{f(x)dx} \\ = -\int_0^a{f(x)dx} + \int_0^l{f(x)dx} + \int_0^a{f(x)dx} \\ = \int_0^l{f(x)dx}$

(二)定积分的应用
1.平面图形的面积
直角坐标情形:(上曲线-下曲线)或(右曲线-左曲线)
极坐标方程:$A=\dfrac{1}{2} \int_{\alpha}^{\beta}{\varphi^2(\theta)d\theta}$
2.旋转体的体积
$y = f(x), x \in [a, b],x轴围成的图形绕x轴旋转\\ 而得到的旋转体体积为V=\int_a^b{\pi f^2(x)dx}$

例题分析
(一)选择题
$例1.设函数f(x)在[a, b]上是连续的,下列等式中正确的是(\ \ {\color{blue}{C} } \ \ )$
$A.(\int_a^b{f(x)dx})^{\prime} = f(x) \quad B.(\int{f(x)dx})^{\prime} = f(x) + C \\ C.(\int_a^x{f(t)dt})^{\prime} = f(x) \quad D.\int{f^{\prime}(x)dx} = f(x)$

$例2.设函数f(x)在[a, b]上是连续的,则\int_a^b{f(x)dx} - \int_a^b{f(t)dt} = (\ \ {\color{blue}{B} } \ \ )$
$A.小于零 \quad B.等于零 \\ C.大于零 \quad D.不确定$

$例3.设函数f(x)在[a, b]上是连续的,则曲线y = f(x)与直线\\ x = a, x = b, y = 0所围成的平面图形的面积等于(\ \ {\color{blue}{C} } \ \ )$
$A.\int_a^b{f(x)dx} \quad B.|\int_a^b{f(x)dx}| \\ C.\int_a^b{|f(x)|dx} \quad D.f^{\prime}(\xi)(b -a) \quad (a < \xi < b)$

$例4.设\int_0^x{f(t)dt} = a^{2x}, f(x)为连续函数,则f(x) = (\ \ {\color{blue}{D} } \ \ )$
$A.2a^{2x} \quad B.a^{2x} \ln{a} \\ C.2xa^{2x-1} \quad D.2a^{2x}\ln{a}$

$例5.设函数f(x)在[a, b]上连续,F(x) = \int_a^{x^3}{f(t)dt},\\ 则F^{\prime}(x) = (\ \ {\color{blue}{C} } \ \ )$
$A.f(x) \quad B.f(x^3) \\ C.3x^2f(x^3) \quad D.3x^2f(x)$
$解:\\ [\int_a^{\varphi(x)}{f(t)dt}]^{\prime} = f[\varphi(x)]\varphi^{\prime}(x)\\ = f(x^3)(x^3)^{\prime} \\ = 3x^2f(x^3)$

$例6.设函数f(x)在[-a, a]上连续,则\int_{-a}^{a}{f(-x)dx} = (\ \ {\color{blue}{D} } \ \ )$
$A.0 \quad B.2\int_0^a{f(x)dx} \\ C.-\int_{-a}^{a}{f(x)dx} \quad D.\int_{-a}^{a}{f(x)dx}$
$解:\\ \int_{-a}^{a}{f(-x)dx} \\ =-\int_{-a}^{a}{f(-x)d(-x)} \\ =-\int_{a}^{-a}{f(x)d(x)} \\ =\int_{-a}^{a}{f(x)d(x)}$

$例7.设P = \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{\sin^2{x}dx},Q=\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{\cos^2{x}dx},\\ R=\dfrac{1}{2}\int_{-\frac{\pi}{2}}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{\sin^2{x}dx}, 则 (\ \ {\color{blue}{A} } \ \ )$
$A.P=Q=R \quad B.P= Q < R \\ C.P < Q < R \quad D.Ｐ> Q > R$
$解:\\ P = \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{\dfrac{1 - \cos{2x}}{2} dx}\\ = \dfrac{1}{2}x|_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} -\dfrac{1}{4}\sin{2x}|_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \\ = \dfrac{\pi}{4} Q = \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{(1 - \sin^2{x}) dx} \\ = x|_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} - \dfrac{\pi}{4} \\ = \dfrac{\pi}{4} \\ R = \dfrac{1}{2}\int_{-\frac{\pi}{2}}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{\sin^2{x}dx} \\ = \dfrac{1}{2} \cdot 2 \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{\sin^2{x}dx} \\ = \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{\sin^2{x}dx} \\ = P \\ P = Q = R$

$例8.极限\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\int_0^x{\sin{t}dt}}{\int_0^x{tdt}}} = (\ \ {\color{blue}{C} } \ \ )$
$A.-1 \quad B.0 \quad C.1 \quad D.2$
$解:\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\int_0^x{\sin{t}dt}}{\int_0^x{tdt}}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{-\cos{t}|_0^x}{[\frac{t^2}{2}]_0^x}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{1-\cos{x}}{\frac{x^2}{2}}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\sin{x}}{x}} \\ = 1 \\ 解法2\\ 因为x \rightarrow 0,且\int_0^0{f(x)dx} = 0,可用洛必达法则\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\int_0^x{\sin{t}dt}}{\int_0^x{tdt}}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{(\int_0^x{\sin{t}dt})^{\prime}}{(\int_0^x{tdt})^{\prime}}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\sin{x}}{x}} \\ = 1$

(二)填空题
$例9.定积分\int_{-1}^{1}{x^2\sin{x}dx} = \underline{\ \ {\color{blue}{0} }\ \ }$
$解:\\ f(x) = x^2\sin{x} \\ f(-x) = (-x)^2\sin{(-x)} =-x^2\sin{x} = -f(x)\\ f(x)为奇函数\\ \int_{-1}^{1}{x^2\sin{x}dx} = 0\\ 解法2：\\ \int_{-1}^{1}{x^2\sin{x}dx} \\ = \int_{-1}^{1}{x^2d\cos{x}} \\ = [x^2 \cos{x}]_ {-1}^{1} - 2\int_{-1}^{1}{x\cos{x}dx} \\ = \cos{1} - \cos{(-1)} - 2\int_{-1}^{1}{xd\sin{x}} \\ = \cos{1} - \cos{(-1)} - 2[x\sin{x}]_ {-1}^1 + 2\int_{-1}^{1}{\sin{x} dx} \\ = \cos{1} - \cos{(1)} - 2[\sin{1} + \sin{(-1)}] + 2[\cos{x}]_ {-1}^1 \\ = 2[\cos{1} - \cos{(-1)} \\ = 0$

$例10.设\varphi(x) = \int_0^x{tan{t}dt},则\varphi^{\prime}(x) = \underline{\ \ {\color{blue}{tan{x}} }\ \ }$

$例11.设f(x) = \int_0^{x^2}{t\sqrt[3]{1 + t^2}dt},则f^{\prime}(x) = \underline{\ \ {\color{blue}{2x^3\sqrt[3]{1 + x^4}} }\ \ }$
$解:\\ f(x) = \int_0^{x^2}{t\sqrt[3]{1 + t^2}dt} \\ = x^2\sqrt[3]{1 + x^4} (x^2)^{\prime} \\ = 2x^3\sqrt[3]{1 + x^4}$

$例12.定积分\int_{-\frac{1}{2}}^0(2x+1)^{99}dx = \underline{\ \ {\color{blue}{\dfrac{1}{200}} }\ \ }$
$解:\\ \int_{-\frac{1}{2}}^0(2x+1)^{99}dx \\ = \dfrac{1}{2}\int_{-\frac{1}{2}}^0(2x+1)^{99}d(2x + 1) \\ = \dfrac{1}{200}(2x+1)^{100}| _ {-\frac{1}{2}}^0 \\ = \dfrac{1}{200}$

$例13.如果函数具有连续导数,f(b) = 5, \\ f(a) = 3,则\int_a^b{f^{\prime}(x)dx} = \underline{\ \ {\color{blue}{2} }\ \ }$
$解:\\ \int_a^b{f^{\prime}(x)dx} = f(b) - f(a) = 5 - 3 = 2$

$例14.定积分\int_0^1{\dfrac{x^2}{1 + x^2}dx} = \underline{\ \ {\color{blue}{1 - \dfrac{\pi}{4}} }\ \ }$
$解:\\ \int_0^1{\dfrac{x^2}{1 + x^2}dx} \\ =\int_0^1{(1 - \dfrac{1}{1 + x^2})dx} \\ =x|_0^1 - \int_0^1{\dfrac{1}{1 + x^2}dx} \\ =1 - \arctan{x}|_0^1 \\ = 1 - \dfrac{\pi}{4}$

(三)解答题
$例17.求\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\int_0^x{e^t\sin{t^2} dt}}{x^3}}$
$解:\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\int_0^x{e^t\sin{t^2} dt}}{x^3}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{(\int_0^x{e^t\sin{t^2} dt})^{\prime}}{(x^3)^{\prime}}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{e^x\sin{x^2}}{3x^2}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{e^x}{3}} \\ = \dfrac{1}{3}$

$例18.设\left \{ \begin{array}{l}x = \int_0^t{a\sin{u} du}, \\ y = a\sin{t} \end{array} \right. (a为非零常数),求\dfrac{dy}{dx}$
$解:\\ x = \int_0^t{a\sin{u} du} \\ = -a\int_0^t{d\cos{u}} \\ = -a[\cos{u}]_0^t \\ = a(1 - \cos{t}) \\ \dfrac{dy}{dx} = \dfrac{\dfrac{dy}{dt}}{\dfrac{dx}{dt}} \\ = \dfrac{(a\sin{t})^{\prime}}{[a(1 - \cos{t})]^{\prime}} \\ = \dfrac{a\cos{t}}{a\sin{t}} \\ = \cot{t}$

$例19.求函数f(x) = \int_{\frac{1}{2}}^{x}{\ln{t}dt}的极值点的极值.$
$解:\\ f(x) = \int_{\frac{1}{2}}^{x}{\ln{t}dt} \\ = (t \ln{t})_ {\frac{1}{2}}^{x} - \int_{\frac{1}{2}}^{x}{t d\ln{t}} \\ = x\ln{x} + \dfrac{1}{2} \ln2 - \int_{\frac{1}{2}}^{x}{t \dfrac{1}{t}dt} \\ = x\ln{x} + \dfrac{1}{2} \ln2 - x + \dfrac{1}{2} \\ = x\ln{x} - x + \dfrac{1}{2}(\ln{2} + 1) \\ f^{\prime}(x) = \ln{x}\\ 令f^{\prime}(x) = 0,解得x = 1,f(1) = \dfrac{1}{2}(\ln{2} -1) \\ f^{\prime \prime}(x) = \dfrac{1}{x} \\ f^{\prime \prime}(1) = 1 > 0,x = 1为极小值点,\\ f(1) = \dfrac{1}{2}(\ln{2} -1) 是极小值.$

$例20.计算\int_1^8{\dfrac{dx}{x + \sqrt[3]{x}}}$
$解:\\ 令t = \sqrt[3]{x}, x = 1时,t = 1, x = 8时，t = 2\\ x = t^3, dx = 3t^2dt\\ \int_1^8{\dfrac{dx}{x + \sqrt[3]{x}}} \\ = \int_1^2{\dfrac{3t^2dt}{t^3 + t}} \\ = \dfrac{3}{2} \int_1^2{\dfrac{d(t^2+1)}{t^2 + 1}} \\ = \dfrac{3}{2} \int_1^2{d\ln{(t^2 + 1)}}\\ =\dfrac{3}{2}[\ln{(t^2 + 1)}]_1^2 \\ = \dfrac{3}{2}\ln{\dfrac{5}{2}}$

$例21.计算\int_0^{\ln{2}}{\sqrt{e^x -1} dx}$
$解:\\ 令t = \sqrt{e^x -1}, x = \ln (1 + t^2),dx = \dfrac{2t}{1 + t^2} dt\\ x = 0时,t = 0, x = \ln 2 时, t = 1 \\ \int_1^{\ln{2}}{\sqrt{e^x -1} dx} \\ = \int_0^1{t \dfrac{2t}{1 + t^2} dt} \\ = 2\int_0^1{(1 - \dfrac{1}{1 + t^2}) dt} \\ = 2\int_0^1{dt} -2\int_0^1{\dfrac{1}{1 + t^2} dt} \\ = 2(1 -0) -2 [\arctan{t}]_0^1 \\ = 2(1 - \dfrac{\pi}{4})$

$例22.计算\int_{-1}^1{|x^2 - 3x| dx}$
$解:\\ \int_{-1}^1{|x^2 - 3x| dx} \\ = \int_{-1}^0{(x^2 - 3x) dx} - \int_{0}^1{(x^2 - 3x) dx} \\ = [\dfrac{1}{3}x^3 -\dfrac{3}{2}x^2]_{-1}^0 - [\dfrac{1}{3}x^3 -\dfrac{3}{2}x^2]_0^1 \\ = 3$

$例23.设函数f(x) = \left \{ \begin{array}{l}x^2, 0 \leq x \leq 1, \\ 2x, 1 \leq x \leq 2, \end{array} \right. 求\int_0^2{f(x)dx}$
$解:\\ \int_0^2{f(x)dx} \\ = \int_0^1{x^2dx} + \int_1^2{2xdx} \\ = [\dfrac{1}{3}x^3]_0^1 + [x^2]_1^2 \\ = \dfrac{1}{3} - 0 + 4 - 1 \\ = \dfrac{10}{3}$

$例24.计算\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{x\sin{x} dx}$
$解:\\ \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{x\sin{x} dx} \\ = \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{x d(-\cos{x})} \\ = [-x\cos{x}] _ {0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} - \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{(-\cos{x}) dx} \\ = 0 + \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{\cos{x} dx} \\ = \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{d\sin{x}} \\ =[\sin{x}]_ {0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \\ = 1$

$例25.在区间[0, 4]上计算曲线y = 4 - x^2与x轴,\\ y轴及x = 4所围成的图形的面积.$
$解:\\ 满足题意的交点(2, 0),\\ A = \int_0^2{(4 -x^2)dx} + \int_2^4{(x^2 -4)dx} \\ = [4x -\dfrac{1}{3}x^3]_0^2 + [\dfrac{1}{3}x^3 -4x]_2^4\\ = 8-\dfrac{8}{3} + \dfrac{64}{3} -16 -\dfrac{8}{3} + 8 \\ = 16$

$例26.设抛物线y^2 = 2x与该曲线在点(\dfrac{1}{2}, 1)处的\\ 法线所围平面图形为D,求D的面积.$
$解:\\ 依题意取y为自变量,x^{\prime}(y) = y,\\ x^{\prime}|_{y = 1} = 1 \\ 法线的斜率为-1,法线方程为\\ x -\dfrac{1}{2} = -1(y -1) \\ x = \dfrac{3}{2} -y \\ 抛物线方程为:\\ x = \dfrac{y^2}{2} \\ 交点(\dfrac{9}{2},-3),(\dfrac{1}{2},1) \\ A = \int_{-3}^{1}{[(\dfrac{3}{2} -y) - \dfrac{y^2}{2}]dy} \\ = [\dfrac{3}{2}y -\dfrac{1}{2}y^2 -\dfrac{1}{6}y^3] _ {-3}^{1}\\ = \dfrac{16}{3}$

$例27.求曲线y = 2 - x^2, y = x(x \geq 0)与直线x = 0所\\ 围成的平面图形绕x轴旋转一周所生成旋转体体积.$
$解:\\ y = 2 -x^2与y = x交点(1, 1)\\ A = \int_0^1{\pi (2 - x^2)^2 dx} - \int_0^1{\pi x^2 dx} \\ = \pi \int_0^1{(4 -4x^2 + x^4) dx} - \pi \int_0^1{x^2 dx} \\ = \pi (4x -\dfrac{4}{3}x^3 + \dfrac{1}{5}x^5)_0^1 - \pi(\dfrac{1}{3}x^3)_0^1 \\ =\dfrac{38\pi}{15}$