高数 07.08 二重积分的计算

$\color{blue}{\S 第七章 第八节 二重积分的计算}$

一、利用直角坐标计算二重积分
二、利用极坐标计算二重积分

$\color{blue}{一、利用直角坐标计算二重积分}$

$由曲顶柱体体积的计算可知,当被积函数f(x, y) \geq 0\\ 且在D上连续时,若D为X-型区域$
$D:\left \{ \begin{array}{l}\varphi_1(x) \leq y \leq \varphi_2(x) \\ a \leq x \leq b \end{array} \right.$
$则\iint_D{f(x, y)dxdy} = \int_a^b[{\int_{\varphi_1(x)}^{\varphi_2(x)}{f(x, y)dy}}]dx$
$若D为Y-型区域$
$D:\left \{ \begin{array}{l}\psi_1(y) \leq x \leq \psi_2(x) \\ c \leq y \leq d \end{array} \right.$
$则\iint_D{f(x, y)dxdy} = \int_c^d[{\int_{\psi_1(y)}^{\psi_2(y)}{f(x, y)dx}}]dy$

$说明:(1)若积分区域即是X-型区域又是Y-型区域,则有：\\ \iint_D{f(x, y)dxdy} \\ = \int_a^b[{\int_{\varphi_1(x)}^{\varphi_2(x)}{f(x, y)dy}}]dx \\ = \int_c^d[{\int_{\psi_1(y)}^{\psi_2(y)}{f(x, y)dx}}]dy \\ 为计算方便，可选择积分序,必要时还可以交换积分序.\\ (2)若积分域复杂,可将它分成若干个X-型域或Y-型域.$

$例1.计算I = \iint_D{xyd\sigma},其中D是直线y = 1,x = 2及y = x所围成的区域.$
$解:解法1.将D看作X-型区域, 则D:\left \{ \begin{array}{l}1 \leq y \leq x \\1 \leq x \leq 2 \end{array} \right.$
$I = \int_1^2 dx \int_1^x{xydy} \\ = \int_1^2{[\dfrac{1}{2}xy^2]_1^x} \\ = \int_1^2[\dfrac{1}{2}x^3 - \dfrac{1}{2}x]dx \\ = [\dfrac{1}{8}x^4 - \dfrac{1}{4}x^2]_1^2 \\ = \dfrac{9}{8}$
$解法1.将D看作Y-型区域, 则D:\left \{ \begin{array}{l}y \leq x \leq 2 \\1 \leq y \leq 2 \end{array} \right.$
$I = \int_1^2 dy \int_y^2{xydx} \\ = \int_1^2 [\dfrac{1}{2}x^2y|_y^2]dy \\ = \int_1^2 [2y - \dfrac{1}{2}y^3]dy \\ = [y^2 - \dfrac{1}{8}y^4]_1^2 \\ = \dfrac{9}{8}$

$例2.计算\iint_Dxyd\sigma,其中D是抛物线y^2 = x及直线y = x - 2所围成的闭区域.$
$解:为计算简便,先对x后对y积分,则$
$D:\left \{ \begin{array}{l}y^2 \leq x \leq y + 2 \\ -1 \leq y \leq 2 \end{array} \right.$
$\iint_Dxyd\sigma = \int_1^2dy \int_{y + 2}^{y^2}{xydx} \\ =\int_{-1}^2[\dfrac{1}{2}x^2y]_{y^2}^{y + 2}dy \\ =\int_{-1}^2[\dfrac{1}{2}(y + 2)^2y -\dfrac{1}{2}y^5]dy \\ =\int_{-1}^2[\dfrac{1}{2}(-y^5 + y^3 + 4y^2 + 4y)]dy \\ =\dfrac{1}{2}[-\dfrac{1}{6}y^6 + \dfrac{1}{4}y^4 + \dfrac{4}{3}y^3 + 2y^2]_{-1}^2 \\ = \dfrac{45}{8}$

$例3.计算\iint_D\dfrac{\sin{x}}{x}dxdy,其中D是直线y = x, \\ y = 0, x = \pi所围成的闭区域.$
$解:$
$D:\left \{ \begin{array}{l} 0 \leq x \leq \pi \\ 0 \leq y \leq x \end{array} \right.$
$\iint_D\dfrac{\sin{x}}{x}dxdy = \int_0^{\pi}dx \int_0^x \dfrac{\sin{x}}{x}dy\\ = \int_0^{\pi} \dfrac{\sin{x}}{x} [y]_0^x dx \\ = \int_0^{\pi} \dfrac{\sin{x}}{x} x dx \\ = \int_0^{\pi} \sin{x} dx \\ = -[\cos{x}]_0^{\pi} \\ = 2$

$例4.交换下列积分顺序\\ I = \int_0^2 dx \int_0^{\frac{x^2}{2}}f(x, y) dy + \int_2^{2\sqrt{2}}dx\int_0^{\sqrt{8 -x^2}}f(x,y) dy$
$解:\\ y = \dfrac{1}{x^2} \\ x^2 + y^2 = 8 \\ 交点(2, 2)$
$原区域 D_1:\left \{ \begin{array}{l} 0 \leq x \leq 2 \\ 0 \leq y \leq \dfrac{1}{2}x^2 \end{array} \right.$
$原区域 D_2:\left \{ \begin{array}{l} 2 \leq x \leq 2\sqrt{2} \\ 0 \leq y \leq \sqrt{8 - x^2} \end{array} \right.$
$交换积分顺序，变为先对x积分，再对y积分$
$原区域 D:\left \{ \begin{array}{l} 0 \leq y \leq 2 \\ \sqrt{2y} \leq x \leq \sqrt{8 - y^2} \end{array} \right.$
$I = \int_0^2 dy \int_{\sqrt{2y}}^{\sqrt{8 - y^2}}f(x,y) dx$

$\color{blue}{二、利用极坐标计算二重积分}$

$在极坐标系下,用同心圆r = 常数及射线\theta = 常数,分划区域D为\\ \Delta{\sigma_k} (k = 1, 2, \cdots, n) \\ 则除包含边界点的小区域外,小区域的面积\\ \Delta{\sigma_k} = \dfrac{1}{2}(r_k + \Delta{r_k})^2 \cdot \Delta{\theta_k} - \dfrac{1}{2}r_k^2 \cdot \Delta{\theta_k} \\ = \dfrac{1}{2}[r_k + (r_k + \Delta{r_k})]\Delta{r_k} \cdot \Delta{\theta_k}\\ =\bar{r_k} \Delta{r_k} \cdot \Delta{\theta_k}\\ 在\Delta{\sigma_k}内取点(\bar{r_k}, \bar{\theta_k}),对应有\\ \xi_k = \bar{r_k}\cos{\bar{\theta_k}} + \bar{r_k}\sin{\bar{\theta_k}} \\ \lim_{\lambda \rightarrow 0}{\sum_{k = 1}^{n}{f(\xi_k, \eta_k)\Delta{\sigma_k}}} \\ = \lim_{\lambda \rightarrow 0}{\sum_{k = 1}^{n}{f(\bar{r_k}\cos{\bar{\theta_k}}, \bar{r_k}\sin{\bar{\theta_k}})\bar{r_k}\Delta{r_k}\Delta{\theta}}} \\ 即\iint_Df(x, y)d\sigma = \iint_D f(r\cos{\theta}, r\sin{\theta})rdr d\theta$
$设D:\left \{ \begin{array}{l} \varphi_1(\theta) \leq r \leq \varphi_2(\theta) \\ \alpha \leq \theta \leq \beta \end{array} \right. 则$
$\iint_D f(r\cos{\theta}, r\sin{\theta})rdrd\theta \\ = \int_{\alpha}^{\beta} d\theta \int_{\varphi_1(\theta)}^{\varphi_2(\theta)} f(r\cos{\theta}, r\sin{\theta})rdr$

$特别,对D:\left \{ \begin{array}{l} \varphi_1(\theta) \leq r \leq \varphi_2(\theta) \\ 0 \leq \theta \leq 2\pi \end{array} \right. 则$
$\iint_D f(r\cos{\theta}, r\sin{\theta})rdrd\theta \\ = \int_{0}^{2\pi} d\theta \int_{0}^{\varphi(\theta)} f(r\cos{\theta}, r\sin{\theta})rdr$

$若f \equiv 1,则可求得D的面积$
$\sigma = \iint_D d\sigma = \dfrac{1}{2}\int_0^{2\pi} \varphi^2(\theta) d\theta$

$思考:下列个图中域D分别与x,y轴相切于原点,试问 \theta 的变化范围是什么?$
$(1) r = \varphi(\theta)在一、二象限与x轴相切, \theta \in [0, \pi]$
$(2) r = \varphi(\theta)在一、四象限与y轴相切, \theta \in [-\dfrac{\pi}{2}, \dfrac{\pi}{2}]$

$例5.计算\iint_D e^{-x^2-y^2}dxdy,其中D:x^2 + y^2 \leq a^2.$
$由于e^{-x^2 - y^2}的原函数不是初等函数,故无法用直角坐标系计算$
$解:在极坐标系下D:\left \{ \begin{array}{l}0 \leq r \leq a \\ 0 \leq \theta \leq 2\pi \end{array} \right.$
$\iint_D e^{-x^2-y^2}dxdy\\ = \iint_D e^{-r^2} rdr d\theta \\ = \int_0^{2\pi} d\theta \int_0^a e^{-r^2}rdr \\ = \int_0^{2\pi} [-\dfrac{1}{2}e^{-r^2}]_0^a d\theta \\ = \int_0^{2\pi} \dfrac{1 - e^{-a^2}}{2} d\theta \\ = \pi ( 1 - e^{-a^2})$

$例6.求球体x^2 + y^2 + z^2 \leq 4a^2被圆柱体x^2 + y^2 = 2ax(a > 0)所截得的(含在柱体内的)立体的体积.$
$解:设D:0 \leq r \leq 2a\cos{\theta}, 0 \leq \theta \leq \dfrac{\pi}{2}$
$由对称性可知$
$V=4\iint_D \sqrt{4a^2 - r^2} rdrd\theta \\ =4\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} d\theta \int_0^{2a\cos{\theta}} \sqrt{4a^2 - r^2} rdr \\ = \dfrac{32}{3}a^3 \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}(1 - \sin^3{\theta})d\theta \\ = \dfrac{32}{3}a^3(\dfrac{\pi}{2} - \dfrac{2}{3})$

内容小结
(1)二重积分化为累次积分的方法
直角坐标系情形:
若积分区域为:
$D = \lbrace (x, y) | a \leq x \leq b, y_1(x) \leq y \leq y_2(x) \rbrace$
$则 \iint_D f(x, y) d\sigma = \int_a^b dx \int_{y_1(x)}^{y_2(x)} f(x, y)dy$

若积分区域为:
$D = \lbrace (x, y) | c \leq y \leq d, x_1(y) \leq x \leq x_2(y) \rbrace$
$则 \iint_D f(x, y) d\sigma = \int_c^d dy \int_{x_1(y)}^{x_2(y)} f(x, y)dx$

极坐标系情形：
若积分区域为
$D = \lbrace(r, \theta) | \alpha \leq \theta \leq \beta, \varphi_1(\theta) \leq r \leq \varphi_2(\theta) \rbrace$
$则\iint_D f(x, y)d\sigma = \iint_D f(r\cos{\theta}, r\sin{\theta})rdrd\theta \\ = \int_{\alpha}^{\beta} d\theta \int_{\varphi_1(\theta)}^{\varphi_2(\theta)} f(r\cos{\theta}, r\sin{\theta})rdr$

(2)计算步骤及注意事项
先画出积分域
选择坐标系
确定积分序
写出积分限
计算要简便，充分利用对称性

练习
$1.设f(x) \in C[0,1], 且\int_0^1 f(x) dx = A, 求I = \int_0^1dx \int_x^1 f(x)f(y)dy$
$解:\\ 交换积分顺序后,x, y互换 I = \int_0^1dx \int_x^1 f(x)f(y)dy = \int_0^1 dx \int_0^x f(x)f(y)dy \\ \therefore 2I = \int_0^1dx \int_x^1 f(x)f(y)dy + \int_0^1dy \int_0^x f(x)f(y)dy \\ = \int_0^1 dx\int_0^1 f(x)f(y)dy \\ = \int_0^1 f(x)dx \int_0^1 f(y)dy \\ = A^2 \\ I = \dfrac{A^2}{2}$

$2.给定I = \int_0^{2a} dx \int_{\sqrt{2ax - x^2}}^{\sqrt{2ax}}f(x, y)dy (a > 0,改变积分次序$
$解:\\ y = \sqrt{2ax} \Longrightarrow x = \dfrac{y^2}{2a}\\ y = \sqrt{2ax - x^2} \Longrightarrow x = a \pm \sqrt{a^2 - y^2}\\ I = \int_0^{2a} dx \int_{\sqrt{2ax - x^2}}^{\sqrt{2ax}}f(x, y)dy \\ = \int_0^1 dy \int_{\frac{y^2}{2}}^{a - \sqrt{a^2 - y^2}}f(x,y)dx + \int_0^a dy\int_{a + \sqrt{a^2 - y^2}}^{2a} f(x, y) dx + \int_a^{2a} \int_{\frac{y^2}{2a}}^{2a} f(x, y) dx$