高数 07.10 多元函数微分学习题02B

(三)解答题
$1.设z = (1 + xy)^y,求\left. \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} \right|_{(1, 1)}$
$解:\\ 令 u = 1 + xy, 则z = u^y \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = \dfrac{dz }{du} \dfrac{\partial u}{\partial x} \\ = yu^{y - 1} \cdot y \\ = y^2(1 +xy)^{y - 1} \\ \left. \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} \right|_{(1, 1)} = 1^2(1 +1 \cdot 1)^{1 - 1} = 1$

$2.设f(x, y) = x^2y^3,求\left. df(x, y) \right|_{(2, -1)}$
$解:\\ df(x, y) = \dfrac{\partial f(x, y)}{\partial x} dx + \dfrac{\partial f(x, y)}{\partial y} dy \\ = 2xy^3 dx + 3x^2y^2dy \\ \left. df(x, y) \right|_{(2, -1)} = -4dx + 12dy$

$3.设z = e^x \ln{\sqrt{x^2 + y^2}},求\dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x},\dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y}$
$解:\\ 令 u = e^x, v = \ln{\sqrt{x^2 + y^2}}, z = uv \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial u}\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial x} + \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial v}\dfrac{\partial v}{\partial x} \\ = ve^x + u\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{x^2 + y^2}} \cdot \dfrac{1}{2\sqrt{x^2 + y^2}} \cdot 2x \\ = (\ln{\sqrt{x^2 + y^2}})e^x + (e^x)\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{x^2 + y^2}} \cdot \dfrac{1}{2\sqrt{x^2 + y^2}} \cdot 2x \\ = e^x(\ln{\sqrt{x^2 + y^2}} + \dfrac{x}{x^2 + y^2}) \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} = \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial u}\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial y} + \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial v}\dfrac{\partial v}{\partial xy} \\ = v \cdot 0 + u\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{x^2 + y^2}} \cdot \dfrac{1}{2\sqrt{x^2 + y^2}} \cdot 2y \\ = (e^x)\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{x^2 + y^2}} \cdot \dfrac{1}{2\sqrt{x^2 + y^2}} \cdot 2y \\ = \dfrac{ye^x}{x^2 + y^2}$

$4.设z = u + yv, 而u = \varphi(x, y), v = \psi(x, y)其中\varphi、\psi具有\\ 连续的二阶偏导数,求\dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x}, \dfrac{\partial ^2 z}{\partial x^2}, \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y}, \dfrac{\partial ^2 z}{\partial y^2}$
$解:\\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial u} \dfrac{\partial u}{\partial x} + \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial v} \dfrac{\partial v}{\partial x} \\ = 1 \cdot \varphi_x^{\prime}(x, y) + y \cdot \psi_x^{\prime}(x, y) \\ = \varphi_x^{\prime}(x, y) + y \cdot \psi_x^{\prime}(x, y) \\ \dfrac{\partial ^2 z}{\partial x^2} = \dfrac{\partial}{\partial x}(\varphi_x^{\prime}(x, y) + y \cdot \psi_x^{\prime}(x, y)) \\ = \varphi_{xx}^{\prime \prime}(x, y) + y \psi_{xx}^{\prime \prime}(x, y) \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} = \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial u} \dfrac{\partial u}{\partial y} + \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial v} \dfrac{\partial v}{\partial y} \\ = 1 \cdot \varphi_y^{\prime}(x, y) + v + y \cdot \psi_y^{\prime}(x, y) \\ = \varphi_y^{\prime}(x, y) + \psi(x, y)+ y \psi_y^{\prime}(x, y) \\ \dfrac{\partial ^2 z}{\partial y^2} = \dfrac{\partial}{\partial y}(\varphi_y^{\prime}(x, y) + \psi(x, y)+ y \psi_y^{\prime}(x, y)) \\ = \varphi_{yy}^{\prime \prime}(x, y) + \psi_y^{\prime}(x, y)+ \psi_y^{\prime}(x, y) + y\psi_{yy}^{\prime \prime}(x, y) \\ = \varphi_{yy}^{\prime \prime}(x, y) + 2\psi_y^{\prime}(x, y)+ y\psi_{yy}^{\prime \prime}(x, y)$

$5.设z = f(x^2 - y^2, xy).f具有连续的一阶偏导数,求\dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x},\dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y}$
$解:\\ 令 u = x^2 - y^2, v = xy; z = f(u, v) \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial u}\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial x} + \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial v}\dfrac{\partial v}{\partial x} \\ = \dfrac{\partial f}{\partial u}\cdot 2x + \dfrac{\partial f}{\partial v} \cdot y \\ = 2x\dfrac{\partial f}{\partial u} + y\dfrac{\partial f}{\partial v} \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} = \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial u}\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial y} + \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial v}\dfrac{\partial v}{\partial y} \\ = \dfrac{\partial f}{\partial u}\cdot (-2y) + \dfrac{\partial f}{\partial v} \cdot x \\ = -2y\dfrac{\partial f}{\partial u} + x\dfrac{\partial f}{\partial v}$

$6.设x^2 + y^2 + 2x - 2yz = e^z确定隐函数z = z(x, y).求\dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x}, \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y}$
$解:\\ 设F(x, y, z) = x^2 + y^2 + 2x - 2yz - e^z = 0 \\ F_x^{\prime} = 2x + 2 \\ F_y^{\prime} = 2y - 2z \\ F_z^{\prime} = -2y - e^z \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = -\dfrac{F_x^{\prime}}{F_z^{\prime}} = -\dfrac{2x + 2}{-2y - e^z} = \dfrac{2(x + 1)}{2y + e^z} \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} = -\dfrac{F_y^{\prime}}{F_z^{\prime}} = -\dfrac{2y - 2z}{-2y - e^z} = \dfrac{2(y - z)}{2y + e^z}$

$7.设f(x, y) = e^{x + y^2},求 \left. \dfrac{\partial f}{\partial y} \right|_{(0, 1)}$
$解:\\ \dfrac{\partial f}{\partial y} = e^{x + y^2} \cdot 2y \\ \left. \dfrac{\partial f}{\partial y} \right|_{(0, 1)} = e^{0 + 1^2} \cdot 2\cdot 1 = 2e \\ 解法2：\\ f(0, y) = e^{0 + y^2} = e^{y^2} \\ f_y^{\prime}(0, y) = e^{y^2} \cdot 2y \\ f_y^{\prime}(0, 1) = e^{1^2} \cdot 2 \cdot 1 = 2e$

$8.设z = \ln{\tan{\dfrac{x}{y}}},求\dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x},\dfrac{\partial ^2 z}{\partial x \partial y}$
$解:\\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = \dfrac{1}{\tan{\dfrac{x}{y}}} \cdot \sec^2{\dfrac{x}{y}} \cdot \dfrac{1}{y} \\ = \dfrac{1}{y\sin{\dfrac{x}{y}}\cos{\dfrac{x}{y}}} \\ = \dfrac{2}{y}\csc{\dfrac{2x}{y}} \\ \dfrac{\partial ^2 z}{\partial x \partial y} = \dfrac{\partial}{\partial y}(\dfrac{2}{y}\csc{\dfrac{2x}{y}}) \\ = -\dfrac{2}{y^2} \cdot csc{\dfrac{2x}{y}} + \dfrac{2}{y} \cdot (-csc{\dfrac{2x}{y}}\cot{\dfrac{2x}{y}}) \cdot (-\dfrac{2x}{y^2}) \\ = -\dfrac{2}{y^2} \cdot csc{\dfrac{2x}{y}} + \dfrac{4x}{y^3}csc{\dfrac{2x}{y}}\cot{\dfrac{2x}{y}} \\ = (-\dfrac{2}{y^2} + \dfrac{4x}{y^3}\cot{\dfrac{2x}{y}})csc{\dfrac{2x}{y}}$

$9.设u = x^{\frac{y}{z}}(x > 0, x \neq 1), 求\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial x},\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial y}$
$解:\\ \dfrac{\partial u}{\partial x} = \dfrac{du}{dx} = \dfrac{y}{z}x^{\frac{y -z}{z}} \\ \dfrac{\partial u}{\partial y} = \dfrac{du}{dy} = x^{\frac{y}{z}} \cdot \ln{x} \cdot \dfrac{1}{z} = \dfrac{\ln{x}}{z} x^{\frac{y}{z}}$

$10.设z = 2^{(\frac{x}{y} + e^{xy})},求\dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x}, \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y}$
$解:\\ 令u = \dfrac{x}{y}, v = e^{xy}, z = 2^{u + v} \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial u} \dfrac{\partial u}{\partial x} + \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial v} \dfrac{\partial v}{\partial x} \\ = (2^{u + v} \cdot \ln{2} \cdot 1) (\dfrac{1}{y}) + (2^{u + v} \cdot \ln{2} \cdot 1) (e^{xy} \cdot y) \\ = 2^{(\frac{x}{y} + e^{xy})}\ln{2}(\dfrac{1}{y} + ye^{xy}) \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} = \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial u} \dfrac{\partial u}{\partial y} + \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial v} \dfrac{\partial v}{\partial y} \\ = (2^{u + v} \cdot \ln{2} \cdot 1) (\dfrac{-x}{y^2}) + (2^{u + v} \cdot \ln{2} \cdot 1) (e^{xy} \cdot x) \\ = 2^{(\frac{x}{y} + e^{xy})}\ln{2}(-\dfrac{x}{y^2} + xe^{xy})$

$11.设z = e^{\arctan{\sqrt{x^2 + y^2}}},求\dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x}$
$解:\\ 令 z = e^u, u = \arctan{v}, v = \sqrt{x^2 + y^2} \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = \dfrac{dz}{du} \cdot \dfrac{du}{dv} \cdot \dfrac{\partial v}{\partial x} \\ = e^u \cdot \dfrac{1}{1 + v^2} \cdot \dfrac{1}{2\sqrt{x^2 + y^2}} \cdot 2x \\ = e^{\arctan{\sqrt{x^2 + y^2}}} \cdot \dfrac{1}{1 + (\sqrt{x^2 + y^2})^2} \cdot \dfrac{x}{\sqrt{x^2 + y^2}} \\ = \dfrac{xe^{\arctan{\sqrt{x^2 + y^2}}}}{(1 + x^2 + y^2)\sqrt{x^2 + y^2}}$

$12.设z = \ln(u^2 + y\sin{x}), u = e^{x + y}, 求\dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x}, \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y}$
$解:\\ 令v = y\sin{x}, z = \ln(u^2 + v) \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial u} \dfrac{\partial u}{\partial x} + \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial v} \dfrac{\partial v}{\partial x} \\ = \dfrac{2u}{u^2 + v} \cdot e^{x + y} + \dfrac{1}{u^2 + v} \cdot y \cos{x} \\ = \dfrac{2e^{x + y}}{e^{2(x + y)} + y\sin{x}} \cdot e^{x + y} + \dfrac{1}{e^{2(x + y)} + y\sin{x}} \cdot y \cos{x} \\ = \dfrac{2e^{2(x + y)} + y\cos{x}}{e^{2(x + y)} + y\sin{x}} \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} = \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial u} \dfrac{\partial u}{\partial y} + \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial v} \dfrac{\partial v}{\partial y} \\ = \dfrac{2u}{u^2 + v} \cdot e^{x + y} + \dfrac{1}{u^2 + v} \cdot \sin{x} \\ = \dfrac{2ue^{x + y} + \sin{x}}{u^2 + v}\\ = \dfrac{2e^{2(x + y)} + \sin{x}}{e^{2(x + y)} + y\sin{x}}$

$13.设z = f(x^2 - y),其中f具有一阶连续偏导数,求\dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x},\dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y}$
$解:\\ 令u = x^2 - y,z = f(u) \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = \dfrac{df}{du}\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial x} = f_u^{\prime}(u) \cdot 2x = 2xf^{\prime}(x^2-y) \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} = \dfrac{df}{du}\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial y} = f_u^{\prime}(u) \cdot (-1) = -f^{\prime}(x^2-y)$

$14.设z = \sqrt{y} + f(\sqrt{x} - 1),若当y = 1时,z = x,\\ 求函数f(\sqrt{x} - 1)及\dfrac{\partial ^2 z}{\partial y^2}$
$解：\\ \because 当y = 1时,z = x \\ \therefore x = \sqrt{1} + f(\sqrt{x} - 1) \\ f(\sqrt{x} - 1) = x - 1 \\ z = \sqrt{y} + x - 1 \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} = \dfrac{1}{2\sqrt{y}} \\ \dfrac{\partial ^2 z}{\partial y^2} = \dfrac{1}{2} \cdot (-\dfrac{1}{2} \cdot y^{-\frac{3}{2}}) = -\dfrac{\sqrt{y}}{4y^2}$

$14.设z = f(x^2 + y^2)其中f具有一阶连续偏导数,\\ 求y\dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} - x\dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y}$
$解：\\ y\dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} - x\dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} = yf^{\prime}(x^2 + y^2) \cdot (2x) - xf^{\prime}(x^2 + y^2) \cdot (2y) \\ = f^{\prime}(x^2 + y^2)(2xy - 2xy) \\ = 0$

$16.设z = z(x, y)是由方程z^3 - 3xyz = 1所确定的隐函数,求dz$
$解:\\ 令F(x, y, z) = z^3 - 3xyz - 1 = 0 \\ F_x^{\prime} = -3yz \\ F_y^{\prime} = -3xz \\ F_z^{\prime} = 3z^2 - 3xy \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = -\dfrac{F_x^{\prime}}{F_z^{\prime}} = -\dfrac{-3yz}{3z^2 - 3xy} = \dfrac{yz}{z^2 - xy} \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} = -\dfrac{F_y^{\prime}}{F_z^{\prime}} = -\dfrac{-3xz}{3z^2 - 3xy} = \dfrac{xz}{z^2 - xy} \\ dz = \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x}dx + \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y}dy \\ = \dfrac{yz}{z^2 - xy}dx + \dfrac{xz}{z^2 - xy}dy \\ = \dfrac{z(y dx + x dy)}{z^2 - xy}$

$17设z = z(x, y)是由方程e^z -xy^2 + \sin(y + z) = 0\\ 所确定的隐函数, 求dz$
$解:\\ 令 F(x, y, z) = e^z -xy^2 + \sin(y + z) = 0 \\ F_x^{\prime} = -y^2\\ F_y^{\prime} = -2xy + \cos(y + z) \\ F_z^{\prime} = e^z + \cos{(y + z)} \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = -\dfrac{F_x^{\prime}}{F_z^{\prime}} = -\dfrac{-y^2}{e^z + \cos{(y + z)}} \\ = \dfrac{y^2}{e^z + \cos{(y + z)}} \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} = -\dfrac{F_y^{\prime}}{F_z^{\prime}} = -\dfrac{-2xy + \cos(y + z)}{e^z + \cos{(y + z)}} \\ = \dfrac{2xy - \cos(y + z)}{e^z + \cos{(y + z)}} \\ dz = \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} dx + \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} dy \\ = \dfrac{y^2}{e^z + \cos{(y + z)}}dx + \dfrac{2xy - \cos(y + z)}{e^z + \cos{(y + z)}}dy \\ = -\dfrac{y^2 dx + [2xy - \cos(y + z)]dy}{e^z + \cos{(y + z)}}$

$18.设z = e^{\sin(x + y)} \cdot x^y,求dz$
$解:\\ 令u = e^{\sin(x + y)}, v = x^y, z = uv \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial u}\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial x} + \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial v}\dfrac{\partial v}{\partial x} \\ = v \cdot e^{\sin(x + y)} \cdot \cos(x + y) + u \cdot yx^{y - 1} \\ = x^y \cdot e^{\sin(x + y)} \cdot \cos(x + y) + e^{\sin(x + y)} \cdot yx^{y - 1} \\ = x^{y - 1} e^{\sin(x + y)}[x \cos(x + y) + y] \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} = \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial u}\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial y} + \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial v}\dfrac{\partial v}{\partial y} \\ = v \cdot e^{\sin(x + y)} \cdot \cos(x + y) + u \cdot x^y \cdot \ln{x} \\ = x^y \cdot e^{\sin(x + y)} \cdot \cos(x + y) + e^{\sin(x + y)} \cdot x^y \cdot \ln{x} \\ = x^y e^{\sin(x + y)}[\cos(x + y) + \ln{x}] \\ dz = \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x}dz + \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y}dy \\ = x^{y - 1} e^{\sin(x + y)}[x \cos(x + y) + y] dx + x^y e^{\sin(x + y)}[\cos(x + y) + \ln{x}]dy$

$19.设z = z(x, y)是由方程x^2 + z^2 = \ln{\dfrac{z}{y}}\\ 所确定的隐函数,求dz$
$解:\\ 令F(x, y, z) = x^2 + z^2 - \ln{\dfrac{z}{y}} = 0 \\ F_x^{\prime} = 2x \\ F_y^{\prime} = -\dfrac{1}{\frac{z}{y}} \cdot (-\dfrac{z}{y^2}) = \dfrac{1}{y} \\ F_z^{\prime} = 2z - \dfrac{1}{\frac{z}{y}} \cdot \dfrac{1}{y} = \dfrac{2z^2 - 1}{z} \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} = -\dfrac{F_x^{\prime}}{F_z^{\prime}} = -\dfrac{2x}{\dfrac{2z^2 - 1}{z}} = \dfrac{2xz}{1 - 2z^2} \\ \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} = -\dfrac{F_y^{\prime}}{F_z^{\prime}} = -\dfrac{\dfrac{1}{y}}{\dfrac{2z^2 - 1}{z}} = \dfrac{z}{y(1 - 2z^2)} \\ dz = \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} dx + \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} dy \\ = \dfrac{2xz}{1 - 2z^2} dx + \dfrac{z}{y(1 - 2z^2)}dy$

$20.求函数f(x, y) = \dfrac{1}{2}x^2 - xy + y^2 + 3x的极值$
$解:\\ f_x^{\prime} = x - y + 3 \\ f_y^{\prime} = -x +2y \\ 解f_x^{\prime} = 0,f_y^{\prime} = 0,得：\\ x = -6, y = -3, 驻点(-6, -3) \\ f_{xx}^{\prime \prime} = 1 \\ f_{xy}^{\prime \prime} = -1 \\ f_{yy}^{\prime \prime} = 2 \\ 对于驻点(-6, -3), A = 1, B = -1, C = 2 \\ AC - B^2 = 1 > 0, f(x, y)在驻点(-6, -3)处取极值,\\ A > 0, f(-6, -3) = -9是极小值$

$21.求函数f(x, y) = x^3 + y^3 - 9xy + 27的极值$
$解:\\ f_x^{\prime} = 3x^2 - 9y \\ f_y^{\prime} = 3y^2 - 9x \\ 令f_x^{\prime} = 0, f_y^{\prime} = 0,解得:\\ x_1 = 0, y_1 = 0;x_2 = 3, y_x = 3 \\ 驻点(0, 0), (3, 3) \\ f_{xx}^{\prime \prime} = 6x \\ f_{xy}^{\prime \prime} = -9 \\ f_{yy}^{\prime \prime} = 6y \\ 对于驻点(0, 0), A = 0, B = -9, C = 0, \\ AC - B^2 = -81 < 0, 无极值。 对于驻点(3, 3), A= 18, B = -9, C = 18,\\ AC - B^2 = 243 > 0,有极值，A > 9, f(3, 3) = 0 是极小值$

$22.求函数z = 4(x - y) - x^2 - y^2 的极值$
$解：\\ z_x^{\prime} = 4 - 2x \\ z_y^{\prime} = -4 -2y \\ 令z_x^{\prime} = 0, z_y^{\prime} = 0,解得:\\ x = 2, y = -2,驻点(2, -2) \\ z_{xx}^{\prime \prime} = -2 \\ z_{xy}^{\prime \prime} = 0 \\ z_{yy}^{\prime \prime} = -2 \\ 对于驻点(2, -2), A = -2, B = 0, C = -2 \\ AC- B^2 = 4 > 0,函数z在点(2, -2)取极值,\\ A = -2 < 0,z(2, -2) = 8是极大值.$