线性代数 06.03 综合模拟 01

一、填空题
$1.四阶方阵A的特征值为1、2、3、4,\\ 则a_{11} + a_{22} + a_{33} + a_{44} = \underline{\ \ {\color{blue}{10}}\ \ }, |A| = \underline{\ \ {\color{blue}{24} }\ \ }.$
$解: A的迹 = a_{11} + a_{22} + a_{33} + a_{44} \\ = \lambda_1 + \lambda_2 + \lambda_3 + \lambda_4 \\ = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 \\ = 10 \\ |A| = \lambda_1\lambda_2\lambda_3\lambda_4 = 1 \times 2 \times 3 \times 4 = 24$

$2.设A = \begin{pmatrix} 7 & 3 & 0 & 0 \\ 3 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & -2 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix}, 则A^{-1} = \underline{\ \ {\color{blue}{\begin{pmatrix} -\dfrac{1}{2} & \dfrac{3}{2} & 0 & 0 \\ \dfrac{3}{2} & -\dfrac{7}{2} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \dfrac{1}{3} & \dfrac{2}{3} \\ 0 & 0 & -\dfrac{1}{3} & \dfrac{1}{3} \\ \end{pmatrix}} }\ \ }.$
$解: 使用矩阵分块\\ A= \begin{pmatrix} 7& 3 \\ 3 & 1 \end{pmatrix}, A^{-1} = -\dfrac{1}{2} \begin{pmatrix} 1& -3 \\ -3 & 7 \end{pmatrix}, \\ B = \begin{pmatrix} 1& -2 \\ 1 & 1 \end{pmatrix}, B^{-1} = \dfrac{1}{3} \begin{pmatrix} 1& 2 \\ -1 & 1 \end{pmatrix}, \\ \begin{pmatrix} A & 0 \\ 0 & B \end{pmatrix} ^{-1} = \begin{pmatrix} A^{-1} & 0 \\ 0 & B^{-1} \end{pmatrix} \\ = \begin{pmatrix} -\dfrac{1}{2} & \dfrac{3}{2} & 0 & 0 \\ \dfrac{3}{2} & -\dfrac{7}{2} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \dfrac{1}{3} & \dfrac{2}{3} \\ 0 & 0 & -\dfrac{1}{3} & \dfrac{1}{3} \\ \end{pmatrix}$

$3.设二次型f = x^2 + 2y^2 + 3z^2 - 2xy - 2xz + 2yz, \\ 则其秩为\underline{\ \ {\color{blue}{3} }\ \ }$
$解: A = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -1 & -1 \\ -1 & 2 & 1 \\ -1 & 1 & 3 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ R(A) = 3$

$4.向量组\alpha_1 = \begin{pmatrix}2 & 6 & 1 \end{pmatrix}^T, \alpha_2 = \begin{pmatrix}3 & \lambda & 1 \end{pmatrix}^T, \alpha_3 = \begin{pmatrix}0 & 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}^T线性相关,则\lambda = \underline{\ \ {\color{blue}{9} }\ \ }$
$解: |A| = \begin{vmatrix} 2 & 3 & 0 \\ 6 & \lambda & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 \\ \end{vmatrix} = 2\lambda - 3 \times 6 = 2(\lambda - 9) = 0 \\ \therefore \lambda = 9$

$5.已知A是满秩矩阵,且AB = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 \\ 2 & 4 & 6 \\ 3 & 6 & 9 \\ \end{pmatrix}, 则B的秩为\underline{\ \ {\color{blue}{1} }\ \ }$
$解: AB = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 \\ 2 & 4 & 6 \\ 3 & 6 & 9 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ R(AB) = 1 \\ 因为A为满秩方阵,所以A可以写成有限个初等矩阵的乘积,\\ 用有限个初等矩阵左乘矩阵B,相当于对B进行了有限次初\\ 等行变换,而初等变换不改变矩阵的秩,\\ 所以R(B) = R(AB) = 1$

二、选择题
$1.设A为n阶可逆矩阵,A^ { * }是它的伴随矩阵,则|A ^ { * }| = (\ \ {\color{blue}{A}} \ \ )$
$A. |A|^{n - 1}; \quad B.|A|^n; \quad C.|A|; \quad D. |A^{-1}|$
$解: \\ \because AA^ { * } = A^ { * }A = |A| E \\ \therefore |A||A^{*}| = | |A|E | = |A|^n \\ \because A可逆, \therefore |A| \neq 0, \\ \therefore |A^{*}| = |A|^{n-1}$

$2.设A、B均为n阶方阵,且满足AB = 0,则必有(\ \ {\color{blue}{C}} \ \ )$
$A. A = 0 或 B = 0; \quad B.A + B = 0; \\ C.|A| = 0或|B| = 0; \quad D.|A| + |B| = 0.$
$解: |AB| = |A||B| = 0, |A| = 0 或 |B| = 0$

$3.设A是三阶可逆矩阵,则|(2A)^{-1}| = (\ \ {\color{blue}{A}} \ \ )$
$A. \dfrac{1}{8|A|}; \quad B.\dfrac{8}{|A|}; \quad C.\dfrac{1}{2|A|}; \quad D.8|A|.$
$解: |(2A)^{-1}| = |2A|^{-1} = \dfrac{1}{|2A|} = \dfrac{1}{8|A|}$

$4.已知\beta_1、\beta_2是非齐次线性方程组AX = b的两个不同的解,\\ \alpha_1与\alpha_2是对应的齐次线性方程组AX = 0的基础解系,k_1与k_2\\ 为任意常数,则方程组AX = b的通解为(\ \ {\color{blue}{B}} \ \ )$
$A. k_1 \alpha_1 + k_2(\alpha_1 + \alpha_2) + \dfrac{1}{2}(\beta_1 - \beta_2); \\\ B.k_1\alpha_1 + k_2(\alpha_1 - \alpha_2) + \dfrac{1}{2}(\beta_1 + \beta_2); \\ C.k_1 \alpha_1 + k_2(\beta_1 + \beta_2) + \dfrac{1}{2}(\beta_1 - \beta_2); \\ D. k_1 \alpha_1 + k_2(\beta_1 - \beta_2) + \dfrac{1}{2}(\beta_1 + \beta_2).$
$解:非齐次线性方程组的通解为其对应的齐次线性方程组的通\\ 解和它的一个特解的和.已知\beta_1, \beta_2为非其次线性方程组的解,\\ \therefore \dfrac{1}{2}(\beta_1 + \beta_2)为非齐次线性方程组的解, \\ 而\alpha_1, \alpha_2为齐次线性方程组的基础解系, \\ \therefore \alpha_1,\alpha_2线性无关,可证\alpha_1, \alpha_1 - \alpha_2线性无关,且为齐次线性方程组的解, \\ \therefore \alpha_1, \alpha_1 - \alpha_2可做齐次线性方程组的基础解系, \\ \therefore k_1\alpha_1 + k_2(\alpha_1 - \alpha_2) + \dfrac{1}{2}(\beta_1 + \beta_2)为齐次线性方程组的通解.故选B.$

$5.已知三阶实对称矩阵A的特征值为1、2、3,且对应于1、2的特征向量\\ 分别为(1, 1, 0)^T和(2, -2, 1)^T,则对应于3的特征向量为(\ \ {\color{blue}{D}} \ \ )$
$A. (-1, 1, 0)^T; \quad B.(0, 1, -2)^T; \quad C.(1, 1, 4)^T; \quad D.(-1, 1, 4)^T$
$解: 因为实对称矩阵的不同特征值对应的特征向量是线性无关的,\\ 而且是正交的,所以对应与3的特征向量\alpha应满足:\\ (1, 1, 0)\alpha = 0, (2, -2, 1) \alpha = 0 即 \\ \alpha为方程组\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 2 & -2 & 1 \end{pmatrix} X = 0的解向量, \\ 解得基础解系为:\xi = (-1, 1, 4)^T取 \alpha = \xi \\ 所以的对应于特征值3的特征向量为(-1, 1, 4)^T,故选D.$

三、解答下列各题
$1.已知AX = B - 2X,其中\\ A = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 2 & 3 \\ 1 & -3 & 0 \\ -1 & 2 & -1 \\ \end{pmatrix}, B = \begin{pmatrix} 4 & 7 & 5 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix}, 求X.$
$解:由 AX = B - 2X 得 \\ (A + 2E)X = B \\ |A + 2E| = \begin{vmatrix} 2 & 2 & 3 \\ 1 & -1 & 0 \\ -1 & 2 & 1 \\ \end{vmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix} 4 & 2 & 3 \\ 0 & -1 & 0 \\ 1 & 2 & 1 \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ = -1 \begin{vmatrix} 4 & 3 \\ 1 & 1 \\ \end{vmatrix} = -1 \neq 0, \\ \therefore (A + 2E)可逆 \\ 对(A + 2E | B)施以初等行变换\\ (A + 2E | B) = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 7 & 5 \\ 1 & -1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ -1 & 2 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 2 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 7 & 5 \\ -1 & 2 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 4 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 3 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 2 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & -1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 2 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & -1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 3 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ X = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 1 \\ 1 & -1 & 0 \\ 0 & 3 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix}$

$2.求矩阵A = \begin{pmatrix} 3 & 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 1 & -3 & 2 & -1 \\ 1 & 3 & -4 & 4 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ 的秩及一个最大无关列向量组.$
$解: A = \begin{pmatrix} 3 & 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 1 & -3 & 2 & -1 \\ 1 & 3 & -4 & 4 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -3 & 2 & -1 \\ 3 & 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 1 & 3 & -4 & 4 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -3 & 2 & -1 \\ 0 & 10 & -6 & 5 \\ 0 & 6 & -6 & 5 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -3 & 2 & -1 \\ 0 & 4 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 6 & -6 & 5 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 2 & -1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & -6 & 5 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ R(A) = 3, 第1、2、3列是列向量的一个极大无关组.$

$3.设矩阵A与B相似,其中\\ A = \begin{pmatrix} -2& 0 & 0 \\ 2 & x & 2 \\ 3 & 1 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix}, B = \begin{pmatrix} -1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & y \\ \end{pmatrix},\\ 求x,y的值.$
$解: \\ 因为相似矩阵具有相同的迹,所以得:\\ (-2) + x + 1 = (-1) + 2 + y , 即 y = x - 2, \\ 又因为相似矩阵有相同的特征值, -1为矩阵B的一个\\ 特征值,所以-1也是矩阵A的一个特征值,所以有: \\ |A - \lambda E| = |A + E | = 0,即 \\ \begin{vmatrix} -1& 0 & 0 \\ 2 & x + 1 & 2 \\ 3 & 1 & 2 \\ \end{vmatrix} = -1 \begin{vmatrix} x + 1 & 2 \\ 1 & 2 \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ = -[2(x +1) - 2] = -2x = 0 \\ x = 0 \\ \therefore x = 0, y = -2$

$4.设PB = AP,其中 \\ A = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix}, B = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 2 \\ \end{pmatrix}, \\ B^5 = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2^5 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 2^5 \\ \end{pmatrix}, P^{-1} = \begin{pmatrix} \frac{1}{2} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & -2 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix}, 求A^5.$
$解: \because PB = AP, P可逆 \\ \therefore A = PBP^{-1} , \\ A^5 = PB^5P^{-1} , \\ 使用分块方式，从P^{-1}可以方便求得P \\ P = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ A^5 = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2^5 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 2^5 \\ \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} \frac{1}{2} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & -2 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2^5 & 2^6 \\ 0 & 0 & 2^5 \\ \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} \frac{1}{2} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & -2 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 32 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 32 \\ \end{pmatrix}$

$四、问当\lambda取何值时,下面的方程组有解?有解时求其通解.$
$\left \{ \begin{array}{l} x_1 + x_2 + 2x_3 + 4x_4 = 3 \\ x_1 - 2x_2 + 2x_3 - 11x_4 = \lambda \\ 3x_1 + x_2 + 6x_3 + 2x_4 = 3 \end{array} \right.$
$解： B = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & 2 & 4 & 3 \\ 1 & -2 & 2 & -11 & \lambda \\ 3 & 1 & 6 & 2 & 3 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & 2 & 4 & 3 \\ 0 & -3 & 0 & -15 & \lambda - 3 \\ 0 & -2 & 0 & -10 & -6 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & 2 & 4 & 3 \\ 0 & -3 & 0 & -15 & \lambda - 3 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 5 & 3 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 2 & -1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \lambda +6 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 5 & 3 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 2 & -1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 5 & 3 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \lambda +6 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ 当\lambda = -6时, R(A) = R(B) = 2,方程组有解.$
$此时同解方程组为:$
$\left \{ \begin{array}{l} x_1 = -2x_3 + x_4 \\ x_2 = -5x_4 + 3 \\ x_3 = x_3 \\ x_4 = x_4 \end{array} \right.$
$令x_3 = k_1, x_4 = k_2,方程组通解为: \\ \begin{pmatrix} x_1 \\ x_2 \\ x_3 \\ x_4 \end{pmatrix} = k_1\begin{pmatrix} -2 \\ 0 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} + k_2 \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ -5 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 3 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} (k_1,k_2 \in R)$

$五、设二次型 \\ f = 2x_1^2 + 5x_2^2 + 5x_3^2 + 4x_1x_2 - 4x_1x_3 - 8x_2x_3 \\ 1.使用矩阵形式表示; \\ 2.用正交变换将其化为标准形,并指出所用的正交变换.$
$解: \\ 1. f = \begin{pmatrix}x_1 & x_2 & x_3 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 2 & -2 \\ 2 & 5 & -4 \\ -2 & -4 & 5 \\ \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix}x_1 \\ x_2 \\ x_3 \end{pmatrix} \\ = X^TAX \\ 2. A = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 2 & -2 \\ 2 & 5 & -4 \\ -2 & -4 & 5 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ 根据|A - \lambda E| = 0,求方程组全部特征值:\\ |A - \lambda E| = \begin{vmatrix} 2 - \lambda & 2 & -2 \\ 2 & 5 - \lambda & -4 \\ -2 & -4 & 5 - \lambda \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ = \begin{vmatrix} 2 - \lambda & 2 & -2 \\ 0 & 1 - \lambda & 1 - \lambda \\ -2 & -4 & 5 - \lambda \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ = \begin{vmatrix} 2 - \lambda & 2 & -4 \\ 0 & 1 - \lambda & 0 \\ -2 & -4 & 9 - \lambda \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ = (1 - \lambda)[(2 - \lambda)(9 - \lambda) -(-4)(-2)] \\ = (1 - \lambda)^2(10 - \lambda) = 0 \\ 得方程的特征值为 \lambda_1 = \lambda_2 = 1, \lambda_3 = 10 \\ 根据(A - \lambda E) x = 0,求A的特征向量. \\ 当\lambda_1 = \lambda_2 = 1时, (A - E) x = 0,由 \\ A - E = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & -2 \\ 2 & 4 & -4 \\ -2 & -4 & 4 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & -2 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ 得基础解系 \xi_1 = \begin{pmatrix} -2 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix},\xi_2 = \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix},\\ 取c_1 = \xi_1 + \xi_2 = \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}, \\ c_2 = \xi_2 - \xi_1 = \begin{pmatrix} 4 \\ -1 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}, \\ c_1,c_2正交,单位化: e_1 = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix},e_2 = \dfrac{1}{3\sqrt{2}}\begin{pmatrix} 4 \\ -1 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}, \\ 当\lambda_3 = 10时, (A - 10 E) x = 0,由 \\ A - 10 E = \begin{pmatrix} -8 & 2 & -2 \\ 2 & -5 & -4 \\ -2 & -4 & -5 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 4 & -1 & 1 \\ 2 & -5 & -4 \\ 0 & -9 & -9 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 9 & 9 \\ 2 & -5 & -4 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & \dfrac{1}{2} \\ 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ 得基础解系:\xi_3 = \begin{pmatrix} -1 \\ -2 \\ 2 \end{pmatrix}, 单位化 e_3 = \dfrac{1}{3} \begin{pmatrix} -1 \\ -2 \\ 2 \end{pmatrix} \\ 令P = (e_1, e_2, e_3),则P为正交矩阵,在正交变换 \\ x = Py之下,原二次型化为标准形. \\ f = y_1^2 + y_2^2 + 10y_3^2$

$六、设A = (a_ {ij})_{3 \times 3},且a_{ij} = A_{ij}(i,j = 1, 2, 3), \\\\ a_{33} = -1, |A| = 1, b = (0, 0, 1)^T, 求Ax = b的解.$
$解:由a_{ij} = A_{ij}知A^{*} = A^T而 \\ |A| = a_{31}A_{31} + a_{32}A_{32} + a_{33}A_{33} \\ =a_{31}^2 + a_{32}^2 + a_{33}^2 \\ = a_{31}^2 + a_{32}^2 + 1 = 1 \\ a_{31} = a_{32} = 0 又 |A| = 1 \neq 0 \\ A可逆, 于是 AX = b的解为 \\ X = A^{-1}b = \dfrac{1}{|A|}A^{*}b = A^T b \\ = \begin{pmatrix} a_{11} & a_{21} & a_{31} \\ a_{12} & a_{22} & a_{32} \\ a_{13} & a_{23} & a_{33} \\ \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} a_{31} \\ a_{32} \\ a_{33} \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 0 \\ -1 \end{pmatrix}$

$七、设向量组\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \cdots, \alpha_m线性无关, \\ 试讨论向量组\beta_1 = \alpha_1 + \alpha_2, \beta_2 = \alpha_2 + \alpha_3, \cdots, \\ \beta_{m - 1} = \alpha_{m - 1} + \alpha_m, \beta_m = \alpha_m + \alpha_1 的线性相关性.$
$解:设一组数 x_1, x_2, \cdots, x_m使 \\ x_1 \beta_1 + x_2 \beta_2 + x_3\beta_3 + \cdots + x_m \beta_m = 0 \quad (1) \\ 即 \\ x_1(\alpha_1 + \alpha_2) + x_2(\alpha_2 + \alpha_3) + \cdots + x_m(\alpha_m + \alpha_1) = 0 \\ \alpha_1(x_m + x_1) + \alpha_2(x_1 + x_2) + \cdots + \alpha_m(x_{m-1} + x_m) = 0 \\ 因\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \cdots, \alpha_m线性无关,故只有$
$\left \{ \begin{array}{l} x_1 + x_2 = 0 \\ x_2 + x_3 = 0 \\ \cdots \\ x_{m -1} + x_m = 0 \\ x_m + x_1 = 0 \end{array} \right. \quad (2)$
$其系数行列式\\ \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 1 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & \cdots & 0 \\ \cdots & \cdots & \cdots & \cdots & \cdots \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 1 \\ \end{vmatrix}$
$= 1 + (-1)^{m + 1} = \left \{ \begin{array}{l} 0 \quad m为偶数 \\ 2 \quad m为奇数 \end{array} \right.$
$所以当m为偶数时,方程组(2)有非零解,即有不全为零的数x_1, x_2, \cdots, x_m\\ 使得(1)式成立,据线性相关性定义知\beta_1, \beta_2, \cdots, \beta_m线性相关;当m为奇数\\ 时,方程组(2)只有零解,即只有x_1, x_2, \cdots, x_m全为零时(1)式才能成立,\\ 故此时向量组\beta_1, \beta_2, \cdots, \beta_m线性无关.$