数学物理方法 07 行波法

$\color{blue}{第七章 行波法}$

$\color{blue}{\S 7.1 达朗贝尔公式}$

物理模型:无界弦的自由震动

$\color{blue}{7.1.1 定解问题}$

$\left \lbrace \begin{array}{l} u_{tt} = a^2 u_{xx}, -\infty < x < \infty \quad (1) \\ u |_{t=0} = \varphi(x), -\infty < x < \infty \quad (2) \\ u_{t} | _{t=0} = \psi(x), -\infty < x < \infty \quad (3) \end{array} \right.$

$\color{blue}{7.1.2 求解}$

$1.思路:仿照求解常微分方程的先求通解，再用初始条件求特解的方法。$
$2.引入坐标变换求(1)的通解:$
$选择\left \lbrace \begin{array}{l} \xi = (x + at) \\ \eta = (x - at) \end{array} \right. 即\left \lbrace \begin{array}{l} x = (1/2)(\xi + \eta) \\ t = (1/2a)(\xi - \eta) \end{array} \right.$
$则方程(1)化为: \dfrac{\partial ^2}{\partial \xi \partial \eta} u(\xi, \eta) = 0 \quad (1)^{\prime}$
$u(\xi, \eta) = f_1(\xi) + f_2(\eta) \quad (4)$
$通解: u(x, t) = f_1(x + at) + f_2(x - at) \quad (5)$

$3.用初始条件定特解:$
$\left \lbrace \begin{array}{l} u_{tt} = a^2 u_{xx}, -\infty < x < \infty \quad (1) \\ u| _{t=0} = \varphi(x), -\infty < x < \infty \quad (2) \\ u_t | _{t=0} = \psi(x), -\infty < x < \infty \quad (3) \end{array} \right.$
$u(x, t) = f_1(x + at) + f_2(x - at) \quad (5)$

D`Alembert公式:
$u(x, t) = \dfrac{1}{2}[\varphi(x + at) + \varphi(x - at)] + \dfrac{1}{2a} \int_{x - at}^{x + at} \psi(\alpha) d \alpha \quad (6)$

$\color{blue}{7.1.3 分析解答}$

$1.适定性：$
$(1)达朗贝尔公式存在.$
$u_t = \dfrac{a}{2}[\varphi^{\prime}(x + at) - \varphi^{\prime}(x - at)] + \dfrac{1}{2a}[\int_{x-at}^{x+at} \dfrac{\partial \psi}{\partial t} d \alpha + a \cdot \psi(x + at) + a \psi(x - at)]$
$u_{tt} = \dfrac{a^2}{2}[\varphi^{\prime \prime}(x+at) + \varphi^{\prime \prime}(x-at)] + \dfrac{a}{2}[\psi^{\prime}(x+at) - \psi^{\prime}(x-at)]$
$u_x = \dfrac{1}{2}[\varphi^{\prime}(x+at) + \varphi^{\prime}(x-at)] + \dfrac{1}{2a}[\psi(x+at) - \psi(x-at)]$
$u_{xx} = \dfrac{1}{2}[\varphi^{\prime \prime}(x+at) + \varphi^{\prime \prime}(x-at)] + \dfrac{1}{2a}[\psi^{\prime}(x+at) - \psi^{\prime}(x-at)]$

$(2)任意性已由初始条件唯一确定.$
$(3)稳定性:设$
$u|_{t=0} = \left \lbrace \begin{array}{l}\varphi_1(x) \\ \varphi_2(x) \end{array} \right.; u_t|_{t=0} = \left \lbrace \begin{array}{l} \psi_1(x) \\ \psi_2(x) \end{array} \right.; |\varphi_1 - \varphi_2| \leq \delta, |\psi_1 - \psi_2| \leq \delta$
$|u_1 - u_2| \leq \dfrac{1}{2}|\varphi_1(x+at) - \varphi_2(x+at) + \varphi_1(x-at) - \varphi_2(x-at)| + \dfrac{1}{2a}|\int_{x-at}^{x+at}[\psi_1(\alpha) - \psi_2(\alpha) d \alpha |$
$\leq \dfrac{1}{2}\delta + \dfrac{1}{2}\delta + \dfrac{1}{2a}\delta[(x+at)-(x-at)] = \delta[1+t]$
$结论:达朗贝尔公式存在、唯一、稳定。即：适定。$

$2.物理意义:$
$(1)设\psi = 0,即u(x, t) = \dfrac{1}{2}[\varphi(x+at) + \varphi(x-at)]:$
$\varphi(x-at):以速度a沿x轴正向传播的波--正波.$
$\varphi(x+at):以速度为a沿x轴反向传播的波--反波.$
$(2)设\varphi = 0, \psi(x) = \dfrac{1}{a} \int_{x_0}^{x} \psi(\alpha) d \alpha:$
$则:u(x, t) = \dfrac{1}{2}[\psi(x+at) - \psi(x-at)]$
$结论:达朗贝尔解表示正行波和反波的叠加。$

$\color{blue}{7.1.4 例题}$

$\left \lbrace \begin{array}{l}u_{tt} - a^2u_{xx} = 0 \\ u(x, 0) = \sin x \\ u_t(x, 0) = x^2 \end{array} \right.$
$答:\sin x \cos at + \dfrac{t}{3}(3x^2 + a^2t^2)$

$\color{blue}{\S 7.2 纯强迫震动}$

$一无限长的均匀弦，因受其力密度为bxt的外力作用做振幅及其微小的横震动。若弦的\\ 初位移为0，初速度为(l-x)，试求该弦的震动规律。$
$\left \lbrace \begin{array} u_{tt} = a^2 u_{xx} + bxt , -\infty < x < \infty \\ u | _{t=0} = 0, u_t | _{t=0} = l - x \end{array} \right. u(x, t) = ?$

$\color{blue}{7.2.1 定解问题}$

$\left \lbrace \begin{array}{l} u_{tt} = a^2 u_{xx} + f(x, t) \quad (1) \\ u| _{t=0} = 0 \quad (2) \\ u_t | _{t=0} = 0 \quad (3) \end{array} \right.$

$\color{blue}{7.2.2 求解}$

$1.思路：$
$化有源问题为无源问题，利用达朗贝尔公式求解.$

$叠加原理:在物理学中研究问题时，常将几种不同原因综合所产生的效果，用这些不同\\ 原因单独产生的效果的累加来代替，这就是叠加原理。$
$在数学上：叠加原理对应于线性方程或线性定解条件。$
$设L为线性微分算符，则 Lu = f 表示线性方程或线性定解条件。$
$(1) 若 Lu_i = f_i(i=1, 2, \cdots, n),且u = \sum \limits _{i=1}^{n} c_i u_i,则Lu = \sum \limits _{i=1}^{n} c_i f_i$
$(2)若Lu_i = f_i(i=1,2,\cdots, n), 且u = \sum \limits _{i=1}^{n}c_iu_i 一致收敛，则Lu = \sum \limits _{i=1}^{\infty} c_if_i$
$(3)若Lu = f(M, M_0), 且U = \int u(M, M_0) d M_0一致收敛，则LU = \int f(M, M_0) d M_0$

$2.分析源f(x, t)的作用情况$
$(1)f(x, t) = \sum f(x, \tau), 0 < \tau < t$
$u(x, t) = \lim \limits _{\Delta \tau \to 0} \sum \limits _ {\tau = 0} w(x, t; \tau)$
$(2)f(x, \tau)在\Delta \tau时间间隔内引起的震动为$
$\left \lbrace \begin{array}{l}w_{tt} - a^2 w_{xx} = 0 \quad \tau < t < \tau + \Delta \tau \\ w | _{t = \tau} = 0 \\ w_t | _{t= \tau} = f(x, \tau) \Delta \tau \end{array} \right.$
$设：w(x,t; \tau) = v(x,t; \tau) \Delta \tau$
$\left \lbrace \begin{array}{l} w_{tt} - a^2 w_{xx} = 0 \\ w | _{t = \tau} = 0 \\ w_t | _{t = \tau} = f(x, \tau) \Delta \tau \end{array} \right. \to \left \lbrace \begin{array}{l} v_{tt} - a^2 v_{xx} = 0 \quad (4) \\ v | _{t=\tau} = 0 \quad (5) \\ v_t | _{t=\tau} = f(x, \tau) \quad (6) \end{array} \right.$
$(3)u(x, t) = \int_0^t v(x, t; \tau) d \tau$

$3.纯强迫震动的解:$
$u(x, t) = \dfrac{1}{2a} \int_0^t \int_{x-a(t-\tau)}^{x+a(t-\tau)} f(\alpha, \tau) d \alpha d \tau$

$\color{blue}{7.2.3 例题}$

$求解初值问题:$
$\left \lbrace \begin{array}{l}u_{tt} = u_{xx} + x \\ u(x, 0) = 0 \\ u_t(x, 0) = 0 \end{array} \right.$
$解:u(x, t) = \dfrac{1}{2} \int _0^t \int_{x - (t-\tau)}^{x + (t - \tau)} \alpha d \alpha d \tau = \dfrac{1}{2}x t^2$

$\color{blue}{\S 7.3 三维无界波动问题}$

$设大气中有一个半径R为1的球形薄膜，薄膜内的压强超过大气压的数值为p_0，假设\\ 薄膜突然消失，试求求外任意位置的附加压强p。$
$定解问题:\left \lbrace \begin{array}{l} p_{tt} - a^2 \Delta p = 0 \\ p | _{t=0} = \left \lbrace \begin{array}{l} p_0, R < 1 \\ 0, R > 1 \end{array} \right. \\ p_t | _{t=0} = 0 \end{array} \right.$

$\color{blue}{7.3.1 定解问题}$

$\left \lbrace \begin{array}{l} u_{tt} = a^2 \Delta u \quad (1) \\ u | _{t=0} = \varphi(M) \quad (2) \\ u_t | _{t=0} = \psi(M) \quad (3) \end{array} \right. \quad M = M(x, y, z) \quad -\infty < x, y, z < \infty$

$\color{blue}{7.3.2 求解}$

$1.思路:$
$化三维问题为一维问题，利用\S7.1的方法和结果求解。$

$2.平均值方法:$
$(1)定义：$
$\bar u(r, t) = \dfrac{1}{4 \pi r^2} \iint _{S_r^{M_0}} u ds = \dfrac{1}{4 \pi} \iint _{S_r^{M_0}} u d \Omega$
$称为函数u(M,t)在以M_0为中心，r为半径的球面S_r^{M_0}上的平均值.\\ 其中,d \Omega = ds / r^2 = \sin \theta d \theta d \varphi为立体角元.$
$(2)有定义可知: u(M_0, t_0) = \lim \limits _{r \to 0, t \to t_0} \bar u(r, t)$
$\because 要求u(M_0, t_0),只需求\bar u(r, t)即可 -- 平均值方法$

$\left \lbrace \begin{array}{l} x^{\prime} = x + r \sin \theta \cos \varphi \\ y^{\prime} = y + r \sin \theta \sin \varphi \\ z^{\prime} = z + r \cos \theta \end{array} \right.$
$r = \sqrt{(x^{\prime} - x)^2 +(y^{\prime} - y)^2 + (z^{\prime} - z)^2}$

$3.求波动方程的通解:$
$\dfrac{1}{4 pi } \iint _S u_{tt} d \Omega = \dfrac{a}{4 \pi} \iint _S \Delta u d \Omega$
$\dfrac{\partial ^2}{\partial t^2} \dfrac{1}{4 \pi} \iint _S u d \Omega = a^2 \Delta(\dfrac{1}{4 \pi} \iint _S u d \Omega)$
$\bar u(r, t)_{tt} = a^2 \Delta \bar u(r, t)$
$在直角坐标系中：\Delta u = \dfrac{\partial ^2 u}{\partial x^2} + \dfrac{\partial ^ 2 u}{\partial y^2} + \dfrac{\partial ^2 u}{\partial z^2}$
$\to \Delta \bar u = \dfrac{\partial ^2 \bar u}{\partial x^2} + \dfrac{\partial ^2 \bar u}{\partial y^2} + \dfrac{\partial ^2 \bar u}{\partial z^2}$

$\dfrac{\partial \bar u}{\partial x} = \dfrac{\partial \bar u}{\partial r} \dfrac{\partial r}{\partial x} = \dfrac{\partial \bar u}{\partial r} \dfrac{x - x_0}{r}$
$\dfrac{\partial ^2 \bar u}{\partial x^2} = \dfrac{\partial \bar u}{\partial r} \dfrac{r^2 - (x - x_0)^2}{r^3} + \dfrac{\partial ^2 \bar u}{\partial r^2}(\dfrac{x - x_0}{r})^2$
$\dfrac{\partial ^2 \bar u}{\partial y^2} = \dfrac{\partial \bar u}{\partial r} \dfrac{r^2 - (y - y_0)^2}{r^3} + \dfrac{\partial ^2 \bar u}{\partial r^2}(\dfrac{y - y_0}{r})^2$
$\dfrac{\partial ^2 \bar u}{\partial z^2} = \dfrac{\partial \bar u}{\partial r} \dfrac{r^2 - (z - z_0)^2}{r^3} + \dfrac{\partial ^2 \bar u}{\partial r^2}(\dfrac{z - z_0}{r})^2$
$\to \Delta \bar u = \dfrac{2}{r} \dfrac{\partial \bar u}{\partial r} + \dfrac{\partial ^2 \bar u}{\partial r^2} = \dfrac{1}{r} \dfrac{\partial ^2}{\partial r^2}(r \bar u)$
$令(r \bar u) = v(r, t),则 u_{tt} = a^2 \Delta u \to v_{tt} = a^2 v_{rr}$
$\to v(r, t) = f_1(r + at) + f_2(r - at)$
$由v(r, t)有 v(0, t) = 0 \to$
$f_1(at) + f_2(-at) = 0 \to$
$f_1^{\prime}(at) = f_2^{\prime}(-at)$
$u(M_0, t_0) = \lim \limits _{r \to 0} \bar u(r, t_0) = \lim \limits _{r \to 0} \dfrac{v(r, t)}{r} = 2 f^{\prime}(at_0)$

$4.三维波动问题的解--泊松(Poisson)公式$
$\dfrac{\partial}{\partial r}(r \bar u) = f_1^{\prime}(r + at) + f_2^{\prime}(r - at)$
$\dfrac{1}{a} \dfrac{\partial}{\partial t}(r \bar u) = f_1^{\prime}(r + at) - f_2^{\prime}(r - at)$
$取r = at_0, t=0代入初始条件得$
$2 f^{\prime}(at_0) = \dfrac{1}{4 \pi a}[\dfrac{\partial}{\partial t} \iint _{S_{at}^{M}} \dfrac{\varphi(M^{\prime})}{at} ds + \iint _{S_{at}^{M}} \dfrac{\psi(M^{\prime})}{at} ds]$
$\color{blue}{u(M, t) = \dfrac{1}{4 \pi a}[\dfrac{\partial}{\partial t} \iint _{S_{at}^{M}} \dfrac{\varphi(M^{\prime})}{at} ds + \iint _{S_{at}^{M}} \dfrac{\psi(M^{\prime})}{at} ds] -- 泊松公式}$
$S_{at}^{M} -以M为中心at为半径的球面;$
$M^{\prime} = M^{\prime}(x^{\prime}, y^{\prime}, z^{\prime}) -球面S_{at}^{M}上的点;$

$\color{blue}{7.3.3 泊松公式的物理意义}$

$设初始扰动限于空间某区域T_0,$
$1.t < \dfrac{d}{a}, u(M, t) = 0, 扰动前锋未传到。$
$2.\dfrac{d}{a} < t < \dfrac{D}{a}, u(M, t) \neq 0, 扰动正经过.$
$3.t > \dfrac{d}{a}, u(M, t) = 0,扰动振尾已经过。$
$u(M, t) = \dfrac{1}{4 \pi a} [\dfrac{\partial}{\partial t} \iint _{S_{at}^{M}} \dfrac{\varphi(M^{\prime})}{at} ds + \iint _{S_{at}^{M}} \dfrac{\psi(M^{\prime})}{at} ds]$

$\color{blue}{7.3.4 例题}$

$求解\left \lbrace \begin{array}{l}p_{tt} - a^2 \Delta p = 0 \\ p | _{t=0} = \left \lbrace \begin{array}{l} p_0, R < 1 \\ 0, R > 1 \end{array} \right. \\ p_t | _{t=0} = 0 \end{array} \right.$
$1) r - 1 < at < r + 1:$
$\iint _{S_{at}^{M}} \dfrac{\varphi(M^{\prime})}{at} ds = \int_0^{2 \pi} \int_0^{\theta_0} \dfrac{p_0(at)^2 \sin \theta}{at} d \theta d \varphi$
$=-\dfrac{\pi p_0}{r}[(r - at)^2 - 1]$
$p(M, t) = \dfrac{1}{4 \pi a} \dfrac{\partial}{\partial t} \iint _{S_{at}^{M}} \dfrac{\varphi(M^{\prime})}{at} ds = \dfrac{p_0}{2 r}(r - at)$
$2) at < r - 1 \; or \; at > r + 1: \quad p(M, t) = 0$

$\color{blue}{7.3.5 推迟势}$

$1.定解问题$
$\left \lbrace \begin{array}{l} u_{tt} -a^2 \Delta u = f(M, t) \\ u | _{t=0} = 0 \\ u_t | _{t=0} = 0 \end{array} \right.$
$2.三维纯有源波动问题的解 -- 推迟势$
$仿照一维，由冲量原理有:$
$u(M, t) = \int_0^t v(M, t; \tau) d \tau; \quad \left \lbrace \begin{array}{l} v_{tt} - a^2 \Delta v = 0 \\ v | _{t = \tau} = 0 \\ v_t | _{t = \tau} = f(M, \tau) \end{array} \right.$

$由Poisson公式可求得:$
$u(M, t) = \dfrac{1}{4 \pi a} \iint _{S_{a(t - \tau)}}^{M} \dfrac{f(M^{\prime}, \tau)}{a(t - \tau)} ds \to$
$\color{blue}{u(M, t) = \dfrac{1}{4 \pi a^2} \iiint _{T_{at}^{M}} \dfrac{[f]}{r} dv -- 推迟势}$
$其中, [f] = f(M^{\prime}, t - \dfrac{r}{a}),$
$T_{at}^{M}:以M为中心at为半径的球体,$
$M^{\prime}是T_{at}^{M}面上的点.$

$3.物理意义$
$三维纯有源波动问题在M点t时刻的解，由源在球体T_{at}^{M}中的影响的累加得到,且源的发出\\ 时间要比t早的时间(t - \dfrac{r}{a})发出,即M点收到的影响比源发出的时刻(t - \dfrac{r}{a})晚了\dfrac{r}{a}，故\\ 此解被称为推迟势.$

$4.例题：求解\left \lbrace \begin{array}{l} u_{tt} - a^2 \Delta u = 2(y - t) \\ u| _{t=0} = 0 \\ u_t | _{t=0} = 0 \end{array} \right.$
$\because y^{\prime} = y + r \sin \theta \cos \varphi$
$u(M, t) = \dfrac{1}{4 \pi a^2} \iiint _{T_{at}^{M}} \dfrac{2[y^{\prime} - (t - \dfrac{r}{a})]}{r} dv$
$=\dfrac{1}{4 \pi a^2} \iiint _{T_{at}^{M}} \dfrac{2[y + r \sin \theta \cos \varphi - (r - \dfrac{r}{a})]}{r} r^2 \sin \theta d \theta d \varphi dr$
$u(M, t) = y t^2 - \dfrac{t^3}{3}$