compare_language_difference

比较C++和Python数据结构和函数的区别

1. 自动类型

• python

  a = [1, 2, 3]
  type(a) # <class 'list'>
  type([4,5,6]) # <class 'list'>
  

• C++

  auto a = {1, 2, 3}; //what's a's type?
  vector<int> b = a; //ok
  
  //a = b; //error
  
  //{1, 2, 3} 其实是 std::initializer_list<int> 类型
  //thus
  list<int> a = {1, 2, 3};
  deque<int> a = {1, 2, 3};
  set<int> a = {1, 2, 3};
  
  //其实： T a = {1, 2, 3};  <==> T a = T({1, 2, 3});
  
  auto f = vector<int>{1, 2, 3};//没必要
  vector<int> g{1, 2, 3}; //better
  
  // pair<int, string> foo();
  // auto h = foo(); //ok
  
  unordered_map<string, int> m{{"sanjay", 1}, {"leetcode", 2}}; //unordered_map 是 hash
  for(const pair<string const, int> &p: m){
       cout << p.first << "->" << p.second << endl;
   }
  //上面for在c++11中可以用auto
  for(auto const &p: m){
       cout << p.first << "->" << p.second << endl;
  }
  //如果用迭代器的话，可以定义别名
  typedef unordered_map<string, int>::const_iterator CIT;
  for(CIT it = m.cbegin(); it != m.cend(); ++it){
       cout << it->first << "->" << it->second << endl;
  }
  //在cpp11中可以用auto
  for(auto it = m.cbegin(); it != m.cend(); ++it){
       cout << it->first << "->" << it->second << endl;
  }
  

2. 批类型转换（在了解构造函数的前提下，尽量使用构造函数）

   C++	Python
   vector a{2, 1, 2, 3}; set b(begin(a), end(a));	a = [2, 1, 2, 3] b = set(a)
   set a{1, 2, 3}; vector b(begin(a), end(a));	a = set([1, 2, 3]) b = list(a)
   int x = 12345; string s = std::to_string(x);	x = 12345 s = str(x)
   string str{“12345”}; int x = std::stoi(str);	s = “12345” x = int(s)
   char c = ‘9’; int x = c - ‘0’;	c = ‘9’ x = ord( c ) - ord(‘0’) 或者x = int( c )

3. 声明变量和初始化、截取、替换、追加

   C++	Python
   string s; //s = “”; string s = “sanjay”; //先用char数组临时初始化一个string，然后再拷贝给s string s{“sanjay”}; string s(5, ‘1’); // “11111”	s = "" s = str() s = "sanjay" s = ‘’.join([‘1’]*5)
   string s{“012345”}; s.substr(3); // "345" s.substr(3,2); // “34”	s = "012345" s[3:] # "345" s[3:5] #“34”
   s[1]; // '1’ s[1] = ‘h’; // “0h2345”	# python的str是不可变的，不能用下标来改变str l = list(s) l[1] = 'h’ s = ‘’.join(l) 或者 s = s[0:1] + ‘h’ + s[2:] # 效率比较低
   s += " hello"; //“012345 hello”	s += " hello"