Lecture 6 - Objects

Lecture 6 - Objects

1. Tuple

• Compound data types:

  • Tuples
  • Lists
  • Dictionaries

• Tuple:

  • t1 = (1, ‘two’, 3)
    print(t1)

• example:

  
  ## divisors
  
  
  def findDivisors(n1, n2):
      """assumes that n1 and n2 are positive ints
         returns a tuple containing the common divisors of n1 and n2"""
      divisors = () # the empty tuple
      for i in range(1, min(n1, n2) + 1):
          if n1%i == 0 and n2%i == 0:
              divisors = divisors + (i,)
      return divisors
  
  
  divisors = findDivisors(20, 100)
  total = 0
  for d in divisors:
      total += d
  print(total)`

2. Lists

• BIG DIFFERENCE WITH TUPLE:

  • Lists are mutable!! While tuple, int, float, str are immutable. So lists can be modified aMer they are created!

• example:

 ## universities

Techs = ['MIT', 'Cal Tech']
Ivys = ['Harvard', 'Yale', 'Brown']

Univs = [Techs, Ivys]
Univs1 = [['MIT', 'Cal Tech'], ['Harvard', 'Yale', 'Brown']]

Techs.append('RPI')

print('Univs = ')
print(Univs)
print('')
print('Univs1 =')
print(Univs1)


for e in Univs:
    print('Univs contains ')
    print(e)
    print('   which contains')
    for u in e:
        print('      ' + u)

3. OPERATIONS ON LISTS

• Append:

  • Techs.append(Ivys)
  • Then Techs returns [‘MIT’, ‘Cal Tech’, ‘RPI’, [‘Harvard’, ‘Yale’, ‘Brown’]]
  • side effect: Creates a new list
  • so we can use: flat = Techs + Ivys
  • Then flat returns [‘MIT’, ‘Cal Tech’, ‘RPI’,’Harvard’, ‘Yale’, ‘Brown’]

• Cloning:

  • Avoid mutatating a list over which one is iterating

  • example:

    def removeDups(L1, L2):
     for e1 in L1:
     if e1 in L2:
     L1.remove(e1)
    
    L1 = [1,2,3,4]
    L2 = [1,2,5,6]
    removeDups(L1, L2)
    

    Then print(L1) returns [2, 3, 4]

    • WHY???

      • Inside for loop, Python keeps track of where it
        is in list using internal counter

      • When we mutate a list, we change its length
        but Python doesn’t update counter

    • Better is to clone

      def removeDupsBetter(L1, L2):
       L1Start = L1[:]
       for e1 in L1Start:
           if e1 in L2:
               L1.remove(e1)
      
       L1 = [1,2,3,4]
       L2 = [1,2,5,6]
       removeDupsBetter(L1, L2)
      

      - Note that using L1Start = L1 is not sufficient

4. FUNCTIONS AS OBJECTS

• concept: Functions are first class objects

  • They have types
  • They can be elements of data structures like lists
  • They can appear in expressions
    
    • As part of an assignment statement
    • As an argument to a func%on!!

• Example:

  
  # applyToEach
  
  
  def applyToEach(L, f):
      """assumes L is a list, f a function
         mutates L by replacing each element, e, of L by f(e)"""
      for i in range(len(L)):
          L[i] = f(L[i])
  
  
  L = [1, -2, 3.4]
  
  def fact(n):
      if n == 1:
          return 1
      else:
          return n*fact(n-1)
  
  def fib(n):
      if n == 0 or n == 1:
          return 1
      else:
          return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)
  
  applyToEach(L, abs)
  print(L)
  
  applyToEach(L, int)
  print(L)
  
  applyToEach(L, fact)
  print(L)
  
  applyToEach(L, fib)
  print(L)

• Map

  • 对可迭代函数’iterable’中的每一个元素应用‘function’方法，将结果作为list返回。

    • 举例：
      

      >>> def add100(x):
      ...     return x+100
      ... 
      >>> hh = [11,22,33]
      >>> map(add100,hh)
      [111, 122, 133]

  • 如果给出了额外的可迭代参数，则对每个可迭代参数中的元素‘并行’的应用‘function’。（翻译的不好，这里的关键是‘并行’）

    >>> def abc(a, b, c):
    ...     return a*10000 + b*100 + c
    ... 
    >>> list1 = [11,22,33]
    >>> list2 = [44,55,66]
    >>> list3 = [77,88,99]
    >>> map(abc,list1,list2,list3)
    [114477, 225588, 336699]

    看到并行的效果了吧！在每个list中，取出了下标相同的元素，执行了abc()。

  • 如果’function’给出的是‘None’，自动假定一个‘identity’函数（这个‘identity’不知道怎么解释，看例子吧）

    >>> list1 = [11,22,33]
    >>> map(None,list1)
    [11, 22, 33]
    >>> list1 = [11,22,33]
    >>> list2 = [44,55,66]
    >>> list3 = [77,88,99]
    >>> map(None,list1,list2,list3)
    [(11, 44, 77), (22, 55, 88), (33, 66, 99)]

5. DICTIONARIES

• Concept: Dict is generalization of lists, but now indices don’t have to be integers – can be values of any immutable type

  • Syntax:

     monthNumbers = { ‘Jan’:1, ‘Feb’:2,
     ‘Mar’:3, 1:’Jan’,
     2:’Feb’, 3:’Mar’}

• Keys can be complex

  myDict = {(1,2): 'twelve',
   (1,3): 'thirteen'}
  myDict[(1,2)]
  returns 
  ‘twelve’