日常实用英语表达个人总结(1)

关于“上班,下班 / 上学,放学 / 上课,下课 / 上车,下车/睡觉,起床 ” 这些词在英文中的表达。
1.
英文中表示日常的重复性,规律性动作,可以用功能性名词(比如go to work)来表达。如:

上班,下班 go to work , get off work (finish work/after work)
上学,放学 go to school , get off school(finish school/after school)
上课,下课 go to class, get off class(finish class/after class)
上车,下车 get on bus/train/plane, get off bus
睡觉,起床 go to bed , get up
去教堂(做弥撒)go to church

下班,放学,下课的表达方式有几样,除了get off外, 还有用动词finish,和介词after的表达,依句子而定。
I usually finish work at 6.
I will go back home after work
My school usually finishes at 6.
I will go back home after school.

穿上,脱下(衣服/鞋子/帽子/手表/身上的佩带物等) put … on, take … off
put clothes/shoes on , take clothes/shoes off

注:以前在比较严谨的英语中,上小汽车用 get in,不过现在一般口语中get on , get in 都可以。

英文中表示处于某种状态,可以用 be+介词短语,特别在口语中。
比如你想问:
Blake先生在这里吗? Is Mr. Blake in?
回答:
Yes , He is in (是的,他在这)
Yes, He is at home (是的,他在家)
No, He is out. (不,他出去了)
No, He is absent. (不,他没来/缺席)

He is xxxx
not available (没空)(available 可以表示”有空“。你有空吗? Are you available?)
tied up now (正在忙)(tie就是’领带’,用过去分词 be tied,在忙)
on lunch break ( 在午休)
on duty. (在上班,在值班,反义词 off duty)
on leave . (在休假)
on another phone. (在打电话)
in working. (在上班)
in extra working . (在加班)
in class . (在上课,反义词 after class)
in meeting. (在开会,反义词 after meeting)
in conversation. (在谈话)
in restroom. (在洗手间)

on the way here . (在来这里的路上)
on the way home. (在回家的路上)
on the way to office. (在去公司的路上)
on the way to xxx (在去 xxx 的路上)

上班,下班 go to work , get off work
上班时间 working time
morning working time: 8.30 - 12.00
lunch time : 12.00 - 13.30
Afternoon working time: 13.30 - 17.30

营业时间 opening time , close time
停止营业 close business

在上班中 on duty,in working
下班 off duty , after working
在加班 in extra working

在xx公司上班 work for …company
Where does she work ? 她在哪里上班 ?
Which company does she work for? 她在哪里上班?
在xx单位上班 work at …
Where does she work at ? 她在哪里上班?

假日 day off
vocation(美式)
holiday(英式)

请假 request a day off
take a leave
(leave 在这里是名词,是”准假“,”告别“的意思)

在休假中 on leave

上课,下课 go to class, get off class

上课开始 class begins,
开始课程 start class
下课了 class is over

在上课(状态中) in class
下课(不在上课状态中) after class

教师给学生上课 give lessons
上某某课 give lessons in … ,比如 give lesson in mathmathics
给某某学生上课 give lessons to …

学生去听课 have a lesson
听课结束 end a lesson

关于放假,假日的表达

假日 day off (off 在这里是形容词,表示“空闲的”,修饰名词day)
leave (leave 在这里是名词,是”准假“,”告别“的意思)
vocation(美式)
holiday(英式)

放假(这是一个状态动作,英文里没有显性动词,用have或者take代替)
have a day off, (放一天假,休一天假)
have a vocation(美式)
have a holiday(英式)

请假("请"可以用request,也可以用take)
request a day off (请一天假)
request a week off (请一周假)
take a leave

婚假 marital/ˈmerɪt̬əl/ leave
产假 maternity/məˈtɝːnət̬i/ leave
病假 sick leave
年假 annual leave
休年假 take annual leave

法定假日 national holiday
短期休假 mini-break
长周末 long weekend

暑假 summer vacation
summer holiday
寒假 winter vacation
winter holiday

正在休假中 on leave
正在假期中 on vocation / holiday

去度假 go on holiday

她今天休息 She is on leave today.
She is off today.
Today is her day off.

你明天请假吗?
你明天休息吗?
Are you on leave tomorrow?
Are you off tomorrow?
Is tomorrow your day off?

go off 还表示闹钟响
我的闹钟不响了 My alarm didn’t go off

  1. 关于“上班,下班 / 上学,放学 / 上课,下课 / 上车,下车/睡觉,起床 ” 这些词在英文中的表达。英文的词汇非常细致,动作分具体动作,状态切换,概念性动作等。中文里这些“上”,”下“动词指的是概念性动作,指的是一种重复性的状态转换。英文中表达这些概念性动作,一般用动词短语,即
    动词+介词+不带冠词的名词
    不带冠词的名词不仅仅只是名词,它还表示功能意义,并且它表示一种重复性的动作,如school不仅是学校,它的功能是上学,每天经常重复的动作。work不仅是工作,它的功能是上班,每天经常重复。bed不仅仅是床,它的功能是睡觉,每天重复。

    名词带定冠词与不带定冠词的区别
    比如 go to school 与 go to the school
    前者指去上学,是一种规律性的,重复性的,功能性的概念。
    后者名词前带定冠词, go to the school,这个the school就是指某个特定的,不是指每天重复性规律性的功能,就是指某次特定的去学校,也许就去一次,比如去学校接孩子,去学校找老师,不是规律性动作。

关于 “停电,停水” 的表达。
“来电,来水” 的表达。

"电"是电力系统的”电“,electricity
“水”是供水系统的“水”,water supply

”停“就是中断,用terminated 或者halted,要用被动语态。
“来” 就是恢复正常 ,用resumed,也是被动语态。
口语中也可以用 isn’t working, doesn’t working 来表达

还没来电吗? Isn’t working yet?
No electricity yet? (口语)
Haven’t been the electricity resumed yet?
还没来水吗? Isn’t working yet?
No water yet? (口语)
Haven’t been the water supply resumed yet?

你还没来吗? Haven’t you been here yet?
你还没到吗? Haven’t you arrived yet?

停电 electricity is terminated
electricity is halted,
power outage ,
electricity isn’t working
the electricity is off (口语)
no electricity(口语)

停水 water supply is terminated
water supply is halted
water outage
water supply system isn’t working
the water is off (口语)
no water (口语)

来电了 electricity is resumed
electricity is working now
electricity is on (口语)

来水了 water supply is resumed ,
water supply system is working now
water supply is on (口语)


一则物业停水通知示例:
Dear Resident of XXX(小区或房产者的英文名)
We are sorry to inform you that the water supply will be halted shortly after this announcement. We are sorry for inconvenience, and we will do our best to resume the water supply. If there is any question, feel free to drop by the property management office and express your concerns.
Sincerely.
XXX(物业名字)


一则酒店停水通知示例:
Notice
Please be informed that we will conduct inspection on our hotel water supply system this afternoon. Thus, the water supply in your room will be momentarily terminated from 2 p.m. to 4 p.m. today.
We are deeply sorry for the inconvenience might cause and appreciated for your understanding and cooperation.
Exxx Hotel

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