初次接触齐次方程时，搞不清楚"齐次方程"和"齐次线性方程"的区别。两者"齐次"含义不同，请看这里：https://www.zhihu.com/question/374818288
和这里：
https://www.zhihu.com/question/268048924
下面我们用两个例子继续巩固一下齐次微分方程的求解。
例子1
d y d x = y − x 2 + y 2 x \frac {dy}{dx} = \frac{y - \sqrt{x^2+y^2}}{x} dxdy=xy−x2+y2
解：
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\frac {dy}{dx} = \frac{y - \sqrt{x^2+y^2}}{x} ==>\\ \frac {dy}{dx} = \frac{y}{x} - \sqrt{1+ ( \frac{y}{x})^2}\\
dxdy=xy−x2+y2==>dxdy=xy−1+(xy)2
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dy =udx + xdu, \frac{dy}{dx} = u + x \frac{du}{dx}
dy=udx+xdu,dxdy=u+xdxdu, 带入上式得：
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u + x \frac{du}{dx} = u - \sqrt{1+ u^2} ==>\\ x \frac{du}{dx} = - \sqrt{1+ u^2} ==>\\ \frac{du}{ - \sqrt{1+ u^2} } = \frac{dx}{x}\\
u+xdxdu=u−1+u2==>xdxdu=−1+u2==>−1+u2du=xdx
设u = tant, 代入上式得：
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\frac{sec^2t dt}{ - sect } = \frac{dx}{x}\\ sect dt = \frac{dx}{x}
−sectsec2tdt=xdxsectdt=xdx
例子2
x 2 y ′ + x y = y 2 x^2 y ' +xy = y^2 x2y′+xy=y2
解：
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x^2 y ' +xy = y^2 ==>\\ y' + \frac{y}{x} - \frac{y^2}{x^2} = 0
x2y′+xy=y2==>y′+xy−x2y2=0
设 y = u x y = u x y=ux , 则 d y = u d x + x d u , d y d x = u + x d u d x dy =udx + xdu, \frac{dy}{dx} = u + x \frac{du}{dx} dy=udx+xdu,dxdy=u+xdxdu, 带入上式得：
u + x d u d x + u − u 2 = 0 = = > d u u 2 − 2 u = d x x = = > u + x\frac{du}{dx} + u - u^2 = 0 ==>\\ \frac {du}{u^2 -2u} = \frac{dx}{x} ==> u+xdxdu+u−u2=0==>u2−2udu=xdx==>
1 2 [ d u u − 2 − d u u ] = d x x = = > 1 2 [ l n ∣ u − 2 ∣ − l n ∣ u ∣ ] = l n ∣ x ∣ \frac{1}{2} [\frac {du}{u-2} - \frac {du}{u} ]= \frac{dx}{x} ==>\\ \frac{1}{2} [ ln|u-2| - ln|u|] = ln|x| 21[u−2du−udu]=xdx==>21[ln∣u−2∣−ln∣u∣]=ln∣x∣
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