从构建区块链理解区块链概念

import hashlib
import json
from datetime import time
from urllib.parse import urlparse
from uuid import uuid4

import requests
from flask import Flask, jsonify, request


class Blockchain(object):
    def __init__(self):
        # 当前交易的列表
        self.current_transactions = []
        # 区块的链
        self.chain = []
        # 共识机制的节点set
        self.nodes = set()

        # Create the genesis block
        # 创建创世区块
        self.new_block(previous_hash=1, proof=100)

    def register_node(self, address):
        """
        Add a new node to the list of nodesresolve_conflicts
        :param address: <str> Address of node. Eg. 'http://192.168.0.5:5000'
        :return: None
        """

        parsed_url = urlparse(address)
        self.nodes.add(parsed_url.netloc)

    def valid_chain(self, chain):
        """
        Determine if a given blockchain is valid
        :param chain: <list> A blockchain
        :return: <bool> True if valid, False if not
        """

        last_block = chain[0]
        current_index = 1

        while current_index < len(chain):
            block = chain[current_index]
            print(f"{last_block}")
            print(f"{block}")
            print("\n-----------\n")
            # Check that the hash of the block is correct
            if block["previous_hash"] != self.hash(last_block):
                return False

            # Check that the Proof of Work is correct
            if not self.valid_proof(last_block["proof"], block["proof"]):
                return False

            last_block = block
            current_index += 1

        return True

    def resolve_conflicts(self):
        """
        共识算法解决冲突
        使用网络中最长的链.
        :return: <bool> True 如果链被取代, 否则为False
        """

        neighbours = self.nodes
        new_chain = None

        # We're only looking for chains longer than ours
        max_length = len(self.chain)

        # Grab and verify the chains from all the nodes in our network
        for node in neighbours:
            response = requests.get(f"http://{node}/chain")

            if response.status_code == 200:
                length = response.json()["length"]
                chain = response.json()["chain"]

                # Check if the length is longer and the chain is valid
                if length > max_length and self.valid_chain(chain):
                    max_length = length
                    new_chain = chain

        # Replace our chain if we discovered a new, valid chain longer than ours
        if new_chain:
            self.chain = new_chain
            return True

        return False

    def new_block(self, proof, previous_hash=None):
        """
        生成新块
        :param proof: <int> The proof given by the Proof of Work algorithm
        :param previous_hash: (Optional) <str> Hash of previous Block
        :return: <dict> New Block
        """

        block = {
            "index": len(self.chain) + 1,
            "timestamp": time(),
            "transactions": self.current_transactions,
            "proof": proof,
            "previous_hash": previous_hash or self.hash(self.chain[-1]),
        }

        # Reset the current list of transactions
        # 重置交易列表
        self.current_transactions = []
        # 将区块放入链中
        self.chain.append(block)
        return block

    def new_transaction(self, sender, recipient, amount):
        """
        生成新交易信息，信息将加入到下一个待挖的区块中
        :param sender: <str> Address of the Sender
        :param recipient: <str> Address of the Recipient
        :param amount: <int> Amount
        :return: <int> The index of the Block that will hold this transaction
        """
        self.current_transactions.append(
            {"sender": sender, "recipient": recipient, "amount": amount,}
        )

        return self.last_block["index"] + 1

    @property
    def last_block(self):
        return self.chain[-1]

    @staticmethod
    def hash(block):
        """
        生成块的 SHA-256 hash值
        :param block: <dict> Block
        :return: <str>
        """

        # We must make sure that the Dictionary is Ordered, or we'll have inconsistent hashes
        block_string = json.dumps(block, sort_keys=True).encode()
        return hashlib.sha256(block_string).hexdigest()

    def proof_of_work(self, last_proof):
        """
        简单的工作量证明:
         - 查找一个 p' 使得 hash(pp') 以4个0开头
         - p 是上一个块的证明,  p' 是当前的证明
        :param last_proof: <int>
        :return: <int>
        """

        proof = 0
        while self.valid_proof(last_proof, proof) is False:
            proof += 1

        return proof

    @staticmethod
    def valid_proof(last_proof, proof):
        """
        验证证明: 是否hash(last_proof, proof)以4个0开头?
        :param last_proof: <int> Previous Proof
        :param proof: <int> Current Proof
        :return: <bool> True if correct, False if not.
        """

        guess = f"{last_proof}{proof}".encode()
        guess_hash = hashlib.sha256(guess).hexdigest()
        return guess_hash[:4] == "0000"


# Instantiate our Node
app = Flask(__name__)

# Generate a globally unique address for this node
node_identifier = str(uuid4()).replace("-", "")

# Instantiate the Blockchain
blockchain = Blockchain()


@app.route("/chain", methods=["GET"])
def full_chain():
    response = {
        "chain": blockchain.chain,
        "length": len(blockchain.chain),
    }
    return jsonify(response), 200


@app.route("/transactions/new", methods=["POST"])
def new_transaction():
    values = request.get_json()

    # Check that the required fields are in the POST'ed data
    required = ["sender", "recipient", "amount"]
    if not all(k in values for k in required):
        return "Missing values", 400

    # Create a new Transaction
    index = blockchain.new_transaction(
        values["sender"], values["recipient"], values["amount"]
    )

    response = {"message": f"Transaction will be added to Block {index}"}
    return jsonify(response), 201


@app.route("/mine", methods=["GET"])
def mine():
    # We run the proof of work algorithm to get the next proof...
    last_block = blockchain.last_block
    last_proof = last_block["proof"]
    proof = blockchain.proof_of_work(last_proof)

    # 给工作量证明的节点提供奖励.
    # 发送者为 "0" 表明是新挖出的币
    blockchain.new_transaction(
        sender="0", recipient=node_identifier, amount=1,
    )

    # Forge the new Block by adding it to the chain
    block = blockchain.new_block(proof)

    response = {
        "message": "New Block Forged",
        "index": block["index"],
        "transactions": block["transactions"],
        "proof": block["proof"],
        "previous_hash": block["previous_hash"],
    }
    return jsonify(response), 200


@app.route("/nodes/register", methods=["POST"])
def register_nodes():
    values = request.get_json()

    nodes = values.get("nodes")
    if nodes is None:
        return "Error: Please supply a valid list of nodes", 400

    for node in nodes:
        blockchain.register_node(node)

    response = {
        "message": "New nodes have been added",
        "total_nodes": list(blockchain.nodes),
    }
    return jsonify(response), 201


@app.route("/nodes/resolve", methods=["GET"])
def consensus():
    replaced = blockchain.resolve_conflicts()

    if replaced:
        response = {"message": "Our chain was replaced", "new_chain": blockchain.chain}
    else:
        response = {"message": "Our chain is authoritative", "chain": blockchain.chain}

    return jsonify(response), 200


if __name__ == "__main__":
    app.run(host="0.0.0.0", port=5000)