C#接口、抽象类

什么是接口和抽象类：

• 接口和抽象类都是“软件工程产物”
• 具体类->抽象类->接口：越来越抽象，内部实现的东西越来越少
• 抽象类是未完全实现逻辑的类（可以有字段和非public成员，它们代表了“具体逻辑”）
• 抽象类为复用而生：专门作为基类来使用，也具有解耦功能
• 封装确定的，开放不确定的，推迟到合适的子类中去实现
• 接口是完全为实现逻辑的”类“（”纯虚类“；只有函数成员；成员全部为public）
• 接口为解耦而生：”高内聚，低耦合“，方便单元测试
• 接口时一个”协约“，遭遇为工业生产所熟知（有分工必有协作，有协作必有协约）
• 它们都不能实例化，只能用来声明变量，引用具体类的实例

抽象类：

基类必须使用关键字abstract修饰，子类重写方法要用override，例子:

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace ConsoleApplication7
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Vehicle v = new car();
            v.Run();
        }
    }
    abstract class Vehicle 
    {
        public void Stop()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Stopped!");
        }
        public void Fill()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Pay and fill....");
        }
        public abstract void Run();
    }
    class car : Vehicle
    {
        public override void Run()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Car is Runing....");
        }
    }
    class Truck : Vehicle
    {
        public override void Run()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Truck is Runing....");
        }
    }
}   

 

添加接口：

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace ConsoleApplication7
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Vehicle v = new car();
            v.Run();
        }
    }
    interface IVeicleBase
    {
        void Stop();
        void Fill();
       
    }
    abstract class Vehicle : IVeicleBase
    {
        public void Stop()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Stopped!");
        }
        public void Fill()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Pay and fill....");
        }
        abstract public void Run();
    }
    class car : Vehicle
    {
        public override void Run()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Car is Runing....");
        }
    }
    class Truck : Vehicle
    {
        public override void Run()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Truck is Runing....");
        }
    }
}   

接口 要求 为纯虚函数，关键字为interface 而且接口函数的方法只写void Stop()就好了，没必要写其他修饰，写会报错的。

 

接口与单元测试

• 接口的产生：自底向上（重构），自顶向下（设计）
• C#中接口的实现（隐式，显式，多接口）
• 语言面对设计的内建支持：依赖反转，接口隔离，开/闭原则....

 

依赖类示例：

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace ConsoleApplication7
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Engine engine = new Engine();
            Car car = new Car(engine);
            car.Run(3);
            Console.WriteLine(car.Speed);
        }
    }
    class Engine
    {
        public int RPM { get; private set; }
        public void Work(int gas)
        {
            this.RPM = 1000 * gas;
        }
    }
    class Car
    {
        private Engine _engine;
        public Car(Engine engine)
        {
            _engine = engine;
        }
        public int Speed { get; private set; }
        public void Run(int gas)
        {
            _engine.Work(gas);
            this.Speed = _engine.RPM / 100;
        }
    }
}   

 

  使用接口实现松耦合

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace ConsoleApplication7
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            var user = new PhoneUser(new NokiaPhone());
            user.UserPhone();
            var user1 = new PhoneUser(new EricssonPhone());
            user1.UserPhone();
        }
    }
    interface Iphone
    {
        void Dail();
        void PickUp();
        void Receive();
        void send();
    }
    class PhoneUser
    {
        private Iphone _phone;
        public PhoneUser(Iphone phone)
        {
            _phone = phone;
        }
        public void UserPhone()
        {
            _phone.Dail();
            _phone.PickUp();
            _phone.Receive();
            _phone.send();
        }
    }
    class NokiaPhone : Iphone
    {
        public void Dail()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Nokia calling....");
        }

        public void PickUp()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Hello! This is Tim!");
        }

        public void Receive()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Nokia message ring....");
        }

        public void send()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Hello");
        }
    }
    class EricssonPhone : Iphone
    {
        public void Dail()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Ericsson calling....");
        }

        public void PickUp()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Hello! This is Tim!");
        }

        public void Receive()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Ericsson message ring....");
        }

        public void send()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Ericsson");
        }
    }
}