C++ 指针delete，赋值，传参

C++ 中 delete 指针后发生了什么（动态内存分配）

总结：
形如 int *p= new int(1)，delete p 后，p 指向的地址所存目标被删除，该目标所占的堆空间也被删除，但是指针 p 本身没有被删除

三个关键点值得注意：

• 指针自身的地址
• 指针指向的地址
• 指针指向的地址所存的目标

int *p = new int(1); // 动态内存分配
int *p2 = p;
cout << "val of p (address pointed by p): " << p << endl;
cout << "val pointed by p: " << *p << endl;
cout << "address of p: " << &p << endl;
cout << "val of p2 (address pointed by p2): " << p2 << endl;
cout << "val pointed by p2: " << *p2 << endl;
cout << "address of p2: " << &p2 << endl;
cout << "delete p" << endl;
delete p; //删除了p指向的目标，并且释放了该目标所占的堆空间
cout << "val of p (address pointed by p): " << p << endl; // p 现在是野指针，p所指向的地址是随机的
//cout << "val pointed by p: " << *p << endl; //p 现在是野指针，p所指向的地址不一定被分配了内存，即目标不一定存在，所以该语句可能会报错
cout << "address of p: " << &p << endl; // p 的本身没有被删除，所以自身的地址没有改变
cout << "val of p2 (address pointed by p2):  " << p2 << endl; // p2 所指向的地址并未发生改变
cout << "val pointed by p2: " << *p2 << endl;//但是该地址所存目标已经被删除，所以该地址所存值是一个无效值
cout << "address of p2: " << &p2 << endl; //p2 自身的地址没有改变

运行结果如下：

val of p (address pointed by p): 008D5560
val pointed by p: 1
address of p: 006FF84C
val of p2 (address pointed by p2): 008D5560
val pointed by p2: 1
address of p2: 006FF840
delete p
val of p (address pointed by p): 00008123
address of p: 006FF84C
val of p2 (address pointed by p2):  008D5560
val pointed by p2: -572662307
address of p2: 006FF840

指针作为函数参数，指针指向无法改变

总结：
当指针作为函数参数时，传入函数的指针实际上是原指针的拷贝

• 当对指针指向的值进行修改时，原指针指向的值也发生对应修改
• 但当对指针指向（即指针的值）进行修改时，原指针指向不会发生改变

为了能够对原指针指向进行修改，应该将原指针的引用作为参数传入，此时函数中对指针的任意操作都是直接对原指针进行操作

• 当对指针指向的值进行修改时，原指针指向的值也发生对应修改
• 但当对指针指向（即指针的值）进行修改时，原指针指向发对应生改变

//指针
void fun1(int *p) {
	cout << "address of p in fun1: " << &p << endl;
	*p = 5;
	p = nullptr;
}

//指针的引用
void fun2(int*& p) {
	cout << "address of p in fun2: " << &p << endl;
	*p = 1;
	p = nullptr;
}

void main(){
	int tmp = 10;
	int *p = &tmp;
	cout << "initial: address of p is: " << &p << endl;
	cout << "initial: the val of p is: " << p << endl;
	cout << "initial: the val pointed by p is: " << *p << endl;
	fun1(p);
	cout << "after fun1(p): the val of p is: " << p << endl;
	cout << "after fun1(p): the val pointed by p is: " << *p << endl;
	//记录p的指向
	int *p_tmp = p;
	fun2(p);
	cout << "after fun2(p): the val of p is: " << p << endl;
	cout << "after fun2(p): the val pointed by p_tmp is: " << *p_tmp << endl;
}

运行结果如下：

initial: address of p is: 00C1FD40
initial: the val of p is: 00C1FD4C
initial: the val pointed by p is: 10
address of p in fun1: 00C1FC54
after fun1(p): the val of p is: 00C1FD4C
after fun1(p): the val pointed by p is: 5
address of p in fun2: 00C1FD40
after fun2(p): the val of p is: 00000000
after fun2(p): the val pointed by p_tmp is: 1

指针赋值的含义

总结：
有 int a, int *p ， int *p2, p=p2 表示将p2的指向赋值给p, p=&a 表示将a的地址赋值给p

class ListNode {
public:
	ListNode(int _val) :val(_val),next(nullptr) {};
	int val;
	ListNode* next;
};

void main(){

	int aa = 1;
	int bb = 2;
	int *p = &aa;
	int *p2 = &bb;
	p = p2; //将p2的指向赋值给p，此时p也指向bb，但是p本身的地址不会改变
	p2 = &aa; //将aa的地址赋值给p2,此时p2指向aa，但是p2本身的地址不会改变
	
	ListNode L1(1);
	ListNode L2(2);
	ListNode L3(3);
	cout << "address of L1: " << &L1 << endl;
	cout << "address of L2: " << &L2 << endl;
	cout << "address of L3: " << &L3 << endl;
	ListNode *pre = &L1;
	ListNode *cur = &L2;
	cout << "address of pre: " << &pre << endl;
	pre->next = &L2;
	cout << "pre->next = &L2" << endl;
	cout << "address of pre: " << &pre << endl;
	pre = cur;// 将cur的指向赋值给pre, 本质上是指针pre从L1地址移动到了L2的地址，pre本身地址没有改变
	cout << "pre = cur" << endl;
	cout << "address of pre " << &pre << endl;
	cout << "val of pre: " << pre << endl;
	cout << "cur = &L3" << endl;
	cur = &L3;//将L3地址赋给cur,此时cur指向L3，但是pre仍然指向L2，
	cout << "val of pre: " << pre << endl;
	cout << "val of cur: " << cur << endl;
}

address of L1: 012FFD14
address of L2: 012FFD04
address of L3: 012FFCF4
address of pre: 012FFCE8
pre->next = &L2
address of pre: 012FFCE8
pre = cur
address of pre 012FFCE8
val of pre: 012FFD04
cur = &L3
val of pre: 012FFD04
val of cur: 012FFCF4

参考文献：

• https://blog.csdn.net/ai_yue/article/details/80769243