第1章：科研论文配图的绘制与配色基础

数据可视化（Data Visualization）是指借助于图形化手段来展现数据，以便对数据进行更直观和更深入的观察与分析。其中科研论文配图是实验数据和分析结论的可视化表达。本部分学习包括绘图基础（规范和原则）和配色基础。

1.1 绘图规范和绘图原则

1.2 配色基础

     配色是科研论文配图绘制过程中的重要维度。优秀的配色方案不但可以提高论文的美观
度，而且可以高效表达配图内容

1.3 实现代码

1.3.1实现单色配色方案

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
#数据设置
menMeans  = (5, 15, 30, 40)
menStd   = (2, 3, 4, 5)
ind  = np.arange(4)
width= 0.7
labels = ('A', 'B', 'C', 'D')
colors=["#1826B0","#4C59D8","#717BD8","#081272"]
fig,ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(4,3),dpi=100,facecolor="w")
for name,value,err,label,color in zip(labels,menMeans,menStd,labels,colors):
    ax.bar(name,value,yerr=err,label=label,color=color,ec="k",lw=.8,
          capsize=5,error_kw={'linewidth':1})
for spine in ["top","right"]:
    ax.spines[spine].set_visible(False)
ax.grid(False)
ax.set_ylim(0,50)
ax.legend(frameon=False,handlelength=1.5,handleheight=1.5)

 1.3.2实现互补配色方案

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt



menMeans  = (5, 15)
menStd   = (2, 5)
ind  = np.arange(2)   
labels = ('A', 'B', )
colors=["#1826B0","#FFBA00"]

fig,ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(4,3),dpi=100,facecolor="w")
for name,value,err,label,color in zip(labels,menMeans,menStd,labels,colors):
    ax.bar(name,value,yerr=err,label=label,color=color,ec="k",lw=.8,
          capsize=5,error_kw={'linewidth':1})
for spine in ["top","right"]:
    ax.spines[spine].set_visible(False)
ax.grid(False)
ax.set_ylim(0,25)
ax.legend(loc="upper left",frameon=False,
          handlelength=1.5,handleheight=1.5)
plt.show()

 1.3.3 等距三角配色方案

（1）修改出现的个数

menMeans  = (5, 15, 35)
menStd   = (2, 3, 5)
ind  = np.arange(3)   
labels = ('A', 'B', 'C')

（2）修改上述代码的颜色

colors=["#1D1AB2","#C9F600","#FF4C00"]

 同理，四角配色方案即为修改下面代码，其余均相同

menMeans  = (5, 15, 30, 40)
menStd   = (2, 3, 4, 5)
ind  = np.arange(4)   
labels = ('A', 'B', 'C', 'D')
colors=["#1826B0","#4C10AE","#FFE200","#FFBA00"]

 1.3.4 采用Matplotlib实现颜色主题

（1）单色系

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import seaborn as sns
# import proplot as pplt
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import cm
from colorspacious import cspace_converter

# from proplot import rc
# rc["font.family"] = "Times New Roman"
# rc["axes.labelsize"] = 13
# rc['tick.labelsize'] = 11
# rc["suptitle.size"] = 15

cmaps = {}

gradient = np.linspace(0, 1, 256)
gradient = np.vstack((gradient, gradient))


def plot_color_gradients(category, cmap_list):
    # Create figure and adjust figure height to number of colormaps
    nrows = len(cmap_list)
    figh = 0.35 + 0.15 + (nrows + (nrows - 1) * 0.1) * 0.22
    fig, axs = plt.subplots(nrows=nrows + 1, figsize=(6.4, figh))
    fig.subplots_adjust(top=1 - 0.35 / figh, bottom=0.15 / figh,
                        left=0.2, right=0.99)
    axs[0].set_title(f'{category} colormaps', fontsize=14)

    for ax, name in zip(axs, cmap_list):
        ax.imshow(gradient, aspect='auto', cmap=plt.get_cmap(name))
        ax.text(-0.01, 0.5, name, va='center', ha='right', fontsize=10,
                transform=ax.transAxes)

    # Turn off *all* ticks & spines, not just the ones with colormaps.
    for ax in axs:
        ax.set_axis_off()

    # Save colormap list for later.
    cmaps[category] = cmap_list
    return fig
    

colormap = [str.lower(i) for i in ["greys",'purples', 'blues', 'greens', 'oranges', 'reds',
            'ylOrBr', 'ylOrRd', 'orRd', 'puRd', 'rdPu', 'BuPu',
            'GnBu', 'PuBu', 'YlGnBu', 'PuBuGn', 'BuGn', 'YlGn']]
# colormap = [str.lower(i) for i in ["greys",'purples', 'blues', 'greens', 'oranges', 'reds',
#             'ylOrBr', 'ylOrRd', 'orRd', 'puRd', 'rdPu', 'BuPu',
#             'GnBu', 'PuBu', 'YlGnBu', 'PuBuGn', 'BuGn', 'YlGn']]
            
fig = plot_color_gradients('Sequential',colormap)

plt.show() 

（2）双色渐变系

改变colormap中的颜色序列

    

colormap = [str.lower(i) for i in ["greys",'purples', 'blues', 'greens', 'oranges', 'reds',
            'ylOrBr', 'ylOrRd', 'orRd', 'puRd', 'rdPu', 'BuPu',
            'GnBu', 'PuBu', 'YlGnBu', 'PuBuGn', 'BuGn', 'YlGn']]

            
fig = plot_color_gradients('Sequential',colormap)

plt.show() 

（3）多色系

 同理改变colormap中的颜色序列   
colormap = [str.lower(i) for i in ['Pastel1', 'Pastel2', 'Paired', 'Accent', 'Dark2',
           'Set1', 'Set2', 'Set3', 'tab10', 'tab20', 'tab20b','tab20c']]
fig = plot_color_gradients('Qualitative',colormap)

plt.show() 

参考文献《科研论文配图绘制指南：基于Python》