数据可视化(Data Visualization)是指借助于图形化手段来展现数据,以便对数据进行更直观和更深入的观察与分析。其中科研论文配图是实验数据和分析结论的可视化表达。本部分学习包括绘图基础(规范和原则)和配色基础。
1.1 绘图规范和绘图原则
1.2 配色基础
配色是科研论文配图绘制过程中的重要维度。优秀的配色方案不但可以提高论文的美观
度,而且可以高效表达配图内容
1.3 实现代码
1.3.1实现单色配色方案
import numpy as np import pandas as pd import seaborn as sns import matplotlib.pyplot as plt #数据设置 menMeans = (5, 15, 30, 40) menStd = (2, 3, 4, 5) ind = np.arange(4) width= 0.7 labels = ('A', 'B', 'C', 'D') colors=["#1826B0","#4C59D8","#717BD8","#081272"] fig,ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(4,3),dpi=100,facecolor="w") for name,value,err,label,color in zip(labels,menMeans,menStd,labels,colors): ax.bar(name,value,yerr=err,label=label,color=color,ec="k",lw=.8, capsize=5,error_kw={'linewidth':1}) for spine in ["top","right"]: ax.spines[spine].set_visible(False) ax.grid(False) ax.set_ylim(0,50) ax.legend(frameon=False,handlelength=1.5,handleheight=1.5)
1.3.2实现互补配色方案
import numpy as np import pandas as pd import seaborn as sns import matplotlib.pyplot as plt menMeans = (5, 15) menStd = (2, 5) ind = np.arange(2) labels = ('A', 'B', ) colors=["#1826B0","#FFBA00"] fig,ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(4,3),dpi=100,facecolor="w") for name,value,err,label,color in zip(labels,menMeans,menStd,labels,colors): ax.bar(name,value,yerr=err,label=label,color=color,ec="k",lw=.8, capsize=5,error_kw={'linewidth':1}) for spine in ["top","right"]: ax.spines[spine].set_visible(False) ax.grid(False) ax.set_ylim(0,25) ax.legend(loc="upper left",frameon=False, handlelength=1.5,handleheight=1.5) plt.show()
1.3.3 等距三角配色方案
(1)修改出现的个数
menMeans = (5, 15, 35) menStd = (2, 3, 5) ind = np.arange(3) labels = ('A', 'B', 'C')
(2)修改上述代码的颜色
colors=["#1D1AB2","#C9F600","#FF4C00"]
同理,四角配色方案即为修改下面代码,其余均相同
menMeans = (5, 15, 30, 40) menStd = (2, 3, 4, 5) ind = np.arange(4) labels = ('A', 'B', 'C', 'D') colors=["#1826B0","#4C10AE","#FFE200","#FFBA00"]
1.3.4 采用Matplotlib实现颜色主题
(1)单色系
import numpy as np import pandas as pd import seaborn as sns # import proplot as pplt import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from matplotlib import cm from colorspacious import cspace_converter # from proplot import rc # rc["font.family"] = "Times New Roman" # rc["axes.labelsize"] = 13 # rc['tick.labelsize'] = 11 # rc["suptitle.size"] = 15 cmaps = {} gradient = np.linspace(0, 1, 256) gradient = np.vstack((gradient, gradient)) def plot_color_gradients(category, cmap_list): # Create figure and adjust figure height to number of colormaps nrows = len(cmap_list) figh = 0.35 + 0.15 + (nrows + (nrows - 1) * 0.1) * 0.22 fig, axs = plt.subplots(nrows=nrows + 1, figsize=(6.4, figh)) fig.subplots_adjust(top=1 - 0.35 / figh, bottom=0.15 / figh, left=0.2, right=0.99) axs[0].set_title(f'{category} colormaps', fontsize=14) for ax, name in zip(axs, cmap_list): ax.imshow(gradient, aspect='auto', cmap=plt.get_cmap(name)) ax.text(-0.01, 0.5, name, va='center', ha='right', fontsize=10, transform=ax.transAxes) # Turn off *all* ticks & spines, not just the ones with colormaps. for ax in axs: ax.set_axis_off() # Save colormap list for later. cmaps[category] = cmap_list return fig colormap = [str.lower(i) for i in ["greys",'purples', 'blues', 'greens', 'oranges', 'reds', 'ylOrBr', 'ylOrRd', 'orRd', 'puRd', 'rdPu', 'BuPu', 'GnBu', 'PuBu', 'YlGnBu', 'PuBuGn', 'BuGn', 'YlGn']] # colormap = [str.lower(i) for i in ["greys",'purples', 'blues', 'greens', 'oranges', 'reds', # 'ylOrBr', 'ylOrRd', 'orRd', 'puRd', 'rdPu', 'BuPu', # 'GnBu', 'PuBu', 'YlGnBu', 'PuBuGn', 'BuGn', 'YlGn']] fig = plot_color_gradients('Sequential',colormap) plt.show()
(2)双色渐变系
改变colormap中的颜色序列
colormap = [str.lower(i) for i in ["greys",'purples', 'blues', 'greens', 'oranges', 'reds', 'ylOrBr', 'ylOrRd', 'orRd', 'puRd', 'rdPu', 'BuPu', 'GnBu', 'PuBu', 'YlGnBu', 'PuBuGn', 'BuGn', 'YlGn']] fig = plot_color_gradients('Sequential',colormap) plt.show()
(3)多色系
同理改变colormap中的颜色序列 colormap = [str.lower(i) for i in ['Pastel1', 'Pastel2', 'Paired', 'Accent', 'Dark2', 'Set1', 'Set2', 'Set3', 'tab10', 'tab20', 'tab20b','tab20c']] fig = plot_color_gradients('Qualitative',colormap) plt.show()
参考文献《科研论文配图绘制指南:基于Python》