爬虫基础2.1｜Python学习笔记

最新推荐文章于 2023-12-26 15:22:06 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2023-12-26 15:22:06 发布

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Beautiful Soup库的基本元素

理解：Beautiful Soup库是解析、遍历、维护“标签树”的功能库，对应一个HTML、XML文档的全部内容

BS是一个HTML/XML的解析器，主要用于解析和提取HTML/XML数据；
基于HTML DOM，会载入整个文档，解析整个DOM树，因此时间和内存开销都会大很多，性能低于lxml；
BS用来解析HTML较简单，API非常人性化，支持CSS选择器、Python标准库中的HTML解析器，也支持lxml的XML解析器；
优点为易上手，但匹配效率不如正则、xpath，推荐正则的使用。

基本元素：

Tag标签：最基本的信息组织单元，分别用<>和</>表明开头和结尾；
Name标签的名字：< p > * < /p >的名字是’p’，格式< tag >.name；
Attributes标签的属性：字典形式组织，格式：< tag >.attrs；
NavigableString标签内非属性字符串：<> * </>中字符串，格式：< tag >.string；
Comment标签内字符串的注释部分，一种特殊的Comment类型；

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import requests #抓取页面

r = requests.get('https://python123.io/ws/demo.html')
r

<Response [200]>

demo = r.text#抓取的数据
demo

'<html><head><title>This is a python demo page</title></head>\r\n<body>\r\n<p class="title"><b>The demo python introduces several python courses.</b></p>\r\n<p class="course">Python is a wonderful general-purpose programming language. You can learn Python from novice to professional by tracking the following courses:\r\n<a href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" class="py1" id="link1">Basic Python</a> and <a href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-1001870001" class="py2" id="link2">Advanced Python</a>.</p>\r\n</body></html>'

#解析HTML页面
#创建Beautiful Soup对象
soup = BeautifulSoup(demo,'html.parser')
#抓取的页面数据；bs4的解析器
soup

<html><head><title>This is a python demo page</title></head>
<body>
<p class="title"><b>The demo python introduces several python courses.</b></p>
<p class="course">Python is a wonderful general-purpose programming language. You can learn Python from novice to professional by tracking the following courses:
<a class="py1" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" id="link1">Basic Python</a> and <a class="py2" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-1001870001" id="link2">Advanced Python</a>.</p>
</body></html>

print(soup.prettify)#有层次感的输出解析后的HTML页面

<bound method Tag.prettify of <html><head><title>This is a python demo page</title></head>
<body>
<p class="title"><b>The demo python introduces several python courses.</b></p>
<p class="course">Python is a wonderful general-purpose programming language. You can learn Python from novice to professional by tracking the following courses:
<a class="py1" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" id="link1">Basic Python</a> and <a class="py2" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-1001870001" id="link2">Advanced Python</a>.</p>
</body></html>>

A.标签（用soup.< tag >访问获得）：

当HTML文档中存在多个相同< tag >对应内容时，soup.< tag >返回第一个

soup.a#访问标签a

<a class="py1" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" id="link1">Basic Python</a>

soup.title

<title>This is a python demo page</title>

B.标签的名字：每个< tag >都有自己的名字，通过soup.< tag >.name获取，字符串类型

soup.a.name

'a'

soup.a.parent.name#返回<a>标签父辈标签名字

'p'

soup.p.parent.name

'body'

C.标签属性，一个< tag >可以有0或多个属性，字典类型，soup.< tag >.attrs

tag = soup.a
print(tag.attrs)
print(tag.attrs['class'])
print(type(tag.attrs))

{'href': 'http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001', 'class': ['py1'], 'id': 'link1'}
['py1']
<class 'dict'>

D.Attributes：标签内非属性字符串，格式：soup.< tag >.string，NavigableString可以跨越多个层次

print(soup.a.string)
print(type(soup.a.string))

Basic Python
<class 'bs4.element.NavigableString'>

E.NavigableString：标签内字符串的注释部分，Comment是一种特殊类型（有–>）

print(type(soup.p.string))

<class 'bs4.element.NavigableString'>

F.prettify()为HTML文本<>及其内容增加’\n’，更加有层次感的输出

.prettify()可用于标签，方法：< tag >.prettify()

print(soup.prettify())

<html>
 <head>
  <title>
   This is a python demo page
  </title>
 </head>
 <body>
  <p class="title">
   <b>
    The demo python introduces several python courses.
   </b>
  </p>
  <p class="course">
   Python is a wonderful general-purpose programming language. You can learn Python from novice to professional by tracking the following courses:
   <a class="py1" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" id="link1">
    Basic Python
   </a>
   and
   <a class="py2" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-1001870001" id="link2">
    Advanced Python
   </a>
   .
  </p>
 </body>
</html>

print(soup)#对比直接输出

<html><head><title>This is a python demo page</title></head>
<body>
<p class="title"><b>The demo python introduces several python courses.</b></p>
<p class="course">Python is a wonderful general-purpose programming language. You can learn Python from novice to professional by tracking the following courses:
<a class="py1" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" id="link1">Basic Python</a> and <a class="py2" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-1001870001" id="link2">Advanced Python</a>.</p>
</body></html>

print(soup.a.prettify())
print('对比无prettify()输出: \n',soup.a)

<a class="py1" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" id="link1">
 Basic Python
</a>

对比无prettify()输出: 
 <a class="py1" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" id="link1">Basic Python</a>

G.BS4库将任何HTML输入都变成utf-8编码

python 3.x默认支持编码是utf-8，解析无障碍

newsoup = BeautifulSoup('<a>中文</a>','html.parser')
print(newsoup.prettify())

<a>
 中文
</a>

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