【Python笔记】第5章 if语句

1.简单示例

2.条件测试

2.1是否相等(==)

检查是否相等时区分大小写。

car='bmw'
car=='bmw'
True
car=='audi'
False

2.2是否不相等(!=)

requested_topping='mushrooms'
if requested_topping != 'anchovies':
    print("Hold the anchovies")
#Hold the anchovies

2.3比较数字

== 等于
!= 不等于
< 小于 > 大于
<=小于等于 >=大于等于

2.4检查多个条件

2.4.1使用and

只要一个没通过，整个表达式就为False

age_0=22
age_1=18
age_0>=21 and age_1>=21
#False

2.4.2使用or

只要一个满足，整个通过。

age_0>=21 or age_1>=21
#True

2.5是否包含在列表中(in)

requested_toppings=['mushrooms','onions','pineapple']
'mushrooms' in requested_toppings
#True
'pepperoni' in requested_toppings
#False

2.6是否不包含在列表中(not in)

banned_users=['andrew','carolina','david']
user='marie'
if user not in banned_users:
    print(user.title()+", you can post a responce if you wish.")
#Marie, you can post a responce if you wish.

2.7布尔表达式

条件测试的别名，结果要么是True,要么是False.

3. if语句

3.1简单的if语句

age=19
if age>=18:
    print("You are old enough to vote!")
    print("Have you registered to vote yet?")
#You are old enough to vote!
#Have you registered to vote yet?

3.2if-else语句

条件测试通过时执行一个操作，并没有通过时执行另一个操作。

age=17
if age>=18:
    print("You are old enough to vote!")
    print("Have you registered to vote yet?")
else:
    print("Sorry, you are too young to vote.")
    print("Please register to vote as soon as you turn 18.")
#Sorry, you are too young to vote.
#Please register to vote as soon as you turn 18.

3.3if-elif-else语句

需要检查超过两个的情形，可以使用Python提供的if-elif-else结构。Python只执行其中一个代码块，执行紧跟在它后面的代码，并跳过余下的测试。

age=12
if age<4:
    price=0
elif age<18:
    price=5
else:
    price=10
print("You admission cost is $"+str(price)+".")
#You admission cost is $5.

3.4多elif代码块

可根据需要使用任意数量的elif代码块。

age=66
if age<4:
    price=0
elif age<18:
    price=5
elif age<65:
    price=10
else:
    price=5
print("You admission cost is $"+str(price)+".")
#You admission cost is $5.

3.5省略else代码块

并不要求if-elif结构后面必须有else代码块，可用elif代替。

age=66
if age<4:
    price=0
elif age<18:
    price=5
elif age<65:
    price=10
elif age>=65:
    price=5
print("You admission cost is $"+str(price)+".")
#You admission cost is $5.

3.6测试多个条件

if-elif-else结构仅适合只有一个条件满足的情况，遇到通过的测试后，Python就跳过余下的测试。
如果必须检查所有条件，应使用一系列if语句。

requested_toppings=['mushrooms','extra cheese']

if 'mushrooms' in requested_toppings:
    print("Adding mushrooms.")
if 'pepperoni' in requested_toppings:
    print("Adding pepperoni.")
if 'extra cheese' in requested_toppings:
    print("Adding extra cheese.")
    
print("\nFinish making your pizza!")
结果
Adding mushrooms.
Adding extra cheese.

Finish making your pizza!

4.使用if语句处理列表

结合使用if语句和列表。

4.1检查特殊元素

requested_toppings=['mushrooms','green peppers','extra cheese']

for requested_topping in requested_toppings:
    if requested_topping=='green peppers':
        print("Sorry, we are out of green pepper right now.")
    else:
        print("Adding "+requested_topping+".")
  
print("\nFinished making your pizza.")
#结果
Adding mushrooms.
Sorry, we are out of green pepper right now.
Adding extra cheese.

Finished making your pizza.

4.2确定列表不是空的

在运行for循环前，确定列表是否为空很重要。
在if语句中将列表名用在条件表达式中，Python将在列表至少包含一个元素时返回True，并在列表为空时返回False.

requested_toppings=[]
if requested_toppings:
    for requested_topping in requested_toppings:
        print("Adding "+requested_topping+".")
    print("\nFinished making your pizza.")
else:
    print("Are you srue you want a plain pizza?")
#Are you srue you want a plain pizza?

4.3使用多个列表

available_toppings=['mushrooms','olives','green peppers',
                    'pepperoni','pineapple','extra cheese']
requested_toppings=['mushrooms','french fries','extra cheese']

for requested_topping in requested_toppings:
    if requested_topping in available_toppings:
        print("Adding "+requested_topping+".")
    else: 
        print("Sorry, we don't have"+requested_topping+".")
        
print("\nFinished making your pizza.")
#结果
Adding mushrooms.
Sorry, we don't havefrench fries.
Adding extra cheese.

Finished making your pizza.