NumPy广播机制

参考链接: NumPy官网-广播
参考链接: NumPy 广播(Broadcast)

以下内容来自官网:
广播规则:两个数组的形状即shape,从后往前查看,要么严格相等,要么其中一个数组的在当前查看的维度上的长度为1,或者维度缺失,这样就能匹配,(并在相应维度上做拷贝扩充，但只是概念上假想的拷贝,而不是真正意义上内存上的拷贝),满足广播条件,否则不满足广播条件,程序报错.

以下是可以广播的例子:

A      (4d array):  8 x 1 x 6 x 1
B      (3d array):      7 x 1 x 5
Result (4d array):  8 x 7 x 6 x 5

A      (2d array):  5 x 4
B      (1d array):      1
Result (2d array):  5 x 4

A      (2d array):  5 x 4
B      (1d array):      4
Result (2d array):  5 x 4

A      (3d array):  15 x 3 x 5
B      (3d array):  15 x 1 x 5
Result (3d array):  15 x 3 x 5

A      (3d array):  15 x 3 x 5
B      (2d array):       3 x 5
Result (3d array):  15 x 3 x 5

A      (3d array):  15 x 3 x 5
B      (2d array):       3 x 1
Result (3d array):  15 x 3 x 5

以下是不满足广播的例子:

A      (1d array):  3
B      (1d array):  4 # trailing dimensions do not match

A      (2d array):      2 x 1
B      (3d array):  8 x 4 x 3 # second from last dimensions mismatched

实验代码展示:

Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.18363.1198]
(c) 2019 Microsoft Corporation。保留所有权利。

C:\Users\chenxuqi>python
Python 3.7.4 (tags/v3.7.4:e09359112e, Jul  8 2019, 20:34:20) [MSC v.1916 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import numpy as np
>>> x = np.arange(4)
>>> xx = x.reshape(4,1)
>>> y = np.ones(5)
>>> z = np.ones((3,4))
>>> x.shape
(4,)
>>> y.shape
(5,)
>>> x + y
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: operands could not be broadcast together with shapes (4,) (5,)
>>>
>>> xx.shape
(4, 1)
>>> y.shape
(5,)
>>> (xx + y).shape
(4, 5)
>>> xx + y
array([[1., 1., 1., 1., 1.],
       [2., 2., 2., 2., 2.],
       [3., 3., 3., 3., 3.],
       [4., 4., 4., 4., 4.]])
>>> x.shape
(4,)
>>> z.shape
(3, 4)
>>> (x + z).shape
(3, 4)
>>>
>>> x + z
array([[1., 2., 3., 4.],
       [1., 2., 3., 4.],
       [1., 2., 3., 4.]])
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>> a = np.array([0.0, 10.0, 20.0, 30.0])
>>> b = np.array([1.0, 2.0, 3.0])
>>> a[:, np.newaxis] + b
array([[ 1.,  2.,  3.],
       [11., 12., 13.],
       [21., 22., 23.],
       [31., 32., 33.]])
>>>
>>>
>>>

下一篇: PyTorch广播机制