目的:对运算符再定义,以适应不同的数据类型
一、加号(+)运算符重载
1、自己写函数,实现两个对象相加
Person Person::addPerson(Person& p)
{
Person temp;
temp.m_A = this->m_A + p.m_A;
temp.m_B = this->m_B + p.m_B;
return temp; //调用拷贝构造函数
}
Person p3=p2.addPerson(p1); //不能写成 p3 = p1 + p2;
2、通过成员函数重载
Person Person::operator+(Person& p) //一个参数
{
Person temp;
temp.m_A = this->m_A + p.m_A;
temp.m_B = this->m_B + p.m_B;
return temp; //调用拷贝构造函数
}
Person p4 = p1.operator+(p2);
Perosn p4 = p1+ p2;
3、通过全局函数重载
Person operator+(Person& p1, Person& p2) //两个参数
{
Person temp;
temp.m_A = p1.m_A + p2.m_A;
temp.m_B = p1.m_B + p2.m_B;
return temp; //调用拷贝构造函数
}
Person p5 = operator+(p1,p2);
Person p5 = p1+ p2;
4、运算符重载也可以发生函数重载
Person operator+(Person& p, int num)
{
Person temp;
temp.m_A = p.m_A + num;
temp.m_B = p.m_B + num;
return temp; //调用拷贝构造函数
}
Person p6 = operatot+(p1,10)
Person p6 = p1 + 10;
————————————
通过对加号重载,可以使得:Person p3 = p1.operator+(p2);
简化:Person p3 = p1 + p2;
内置数据类型,不可以重载
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Person
{
public:
Person operator+(Person& p);
Person addPerson(Person& p);
public:
int m_A;
int m_B;
};
//自己写函数,实现两个对象相加
Person Person::addPerson(Person& p)
{
Person temp;
temp.m_A = this->m_A + p.m_A;
temp.m_B = this->m_B + p.m_B;
return temp; //调用拷贝构造函数
}
Person Person::operator+(Person& p)
{
Person temp;
temp.m_A = this->m_A + p.m_A;
temp.m_B = this->m_B + p.m_B;
return temp; //调用拷贝构造函数
}
Person operator+(Person& p1, Person& p2)
{
Person temp;
temp.m_A = p1.m_A + p2.m_A;
temp.m_B = p1.m_B + p2.m_B;
return temp; //调用拷贝构造函数
}
Person operator+(Person& p, int num)
{
Person temp;
temp.m_A = p.m_A + num;
temp.m_B = p.m_B + num;
return temp; //调用拷贝构造函数
}
void test01()
{
Person p1;
p1.m_A = 10;
p1.m_B = 10;
Person p2;
p2.m_A = 10;
p2.m_B = 10;
//1.自己定义
Person p3=p2.addPerson(p1);
//Person p3 = p1 + p2;
cout << "addPerson :" << p3.m_A << " " << p3.m_B << endl;
//2.成员函数重载
Person p4 = p1.operator+(p2);
//Person p4 = p1 + p2;
cout << "成员函数 operator+ :" << p4.m_A << " " << p4.m_B << endl;
//3.全局函数重载
Person p5 = operator+(p1,p2);
//Person p4 = p1 + p2;
cout << "全局函数 operator+ :" << p5.m_A << " " << p5.m_B << endl;
//运算符重载也可以发生函数重载
Person p6 = p1 + 10;
cout << "全局函数 operator+ :" << p6.m_A << " " << p6.m_B << endl;
}
int main()
{
test01();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
二、左移(<<) 运算符重载
目的:输出自定义数据类型
//p.operator(cout) p<<cout
1、不会利用成员函数重载左移运算符
//void opretor<< (Person& p); //p.operator<<(p) ×
———————————————
2、全局函数,重载<<
//本质:operator<<(cout,p) 简化:cout<<p
//cout 只有一个,只能用引用的方式, //out 是cout取的别名
ostream& operator<<(ostream &out, Person &p) //以引用的方式返回
{
out << "m_A=" << p.m_A << endl;
out << "m_B=" << p.m_B << endl;
return out;
}
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Person
{
public:
//p.operator(cout) p<<cout
//不会利用成员函数重载左移运算符
//void opretor<< (Person& p); //p.operator<<(p) ×
public:
int m_A;
int m_B;
};
//out 是cout取的别名
ostream& operator<<(ostream &out, Person &p)
{ //本质:operator<<(cout,p) 简化:cout<<p
//cout 只有一个,只能用引用的方式
out << "m_A=" << p.m_A << endl;
out << "m_B=" << p.m_B << endl;
return out;
}
void test01()
{
Person p1;
p1.m_A = 10;
p1.m_B = 20;
//void operator<<(ostream &out, Person &p)
//cout << p1;
//ostream& operator<<(ostream &out, Person &p)
cout << p1 << "hello" << endl;
}
int main()
{
test01();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
三、递增(++)重载
1、重载前置++运算符
MyInteger& operator++() //返回的是引用,返回本身,而不是新拷贝的对象
{ //先++
++m_Num;
//再返回自身,调用,<<重载运算符,输出
return *this;
}
2、重载后置++运算符
前置递增返回引用,后置递增返回值
(置递增返回值:后置递增返回的是栈上开辟的空间)
MyInteger operator++(int) //int 占位参数,区别前置后置++函数
{
//m_Num++; ×
MyInteger temp = *this;
m_Num++;
return temp;
}
————————————
(1) MyInteger& operator++() //返回的是引用,返回本身,而不是新拷贝的对象
{
++m_Num;
return *this;
}
cout << ++(++myint) << endl; 2
cout << myint << endl; 2
(2) MyInteger operator++() //返回的是新拷贝的对象
cout << ++(++myint) << endl; 2
cout << myint << endl; 1 //这里为1
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class MyInteger
{
public:
MyInteger()
{
m_Num = 0;
}
friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, MyInteger myint);
public:
//重载前置++运算符
MyInteger& operator++() //返回的是引用,返回本身,而不是新拷贝的对象
{ //先++
++m_Num;
//再返回自身,调用,<<重载运算符,输出
return *this;
}
//重载前置++运算符
//后置递增返回值,前置递增返回引用
MyInteger& operator++(int) //int 占位参数,区别前置后置++函数
{
//m_Num++;
MyInteger temp = *this;
m_Num++;
return temp;
}
private:
int m_Num;
};
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, MyInteger myint)
{
out << myint.m_Num;
return out;
}
void test01()
{
MyInteger myint;
cout << ++(++myint) << endl;
cout << myint << endl;
}
void test02()
{
MyInteger myint;
cout << myint++ << endl;
cout << myint << endl;
}
int main()
{
//test01();
test02();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
四、赋值(=)重载
c++编译器至少给一个类添加4个函数
(1)、默认构造函数(无参,空函数体)
(2)、默认析构函数(无参,空函数体)
(3)、拷贝构造函数(拷贝成员变量值)
(4)、赋值运算符重载,operator=,对属性值进行拷贝
若类中有属性指向堆区,也存在深、浅拷贝问题
——————————————
Person& operator=(Person& p)
{
//深拷贝之前,调用构造函数,堆区已经有内容了
//(1)、先释放原有堆区内容,再进行深拷贝(重新在堆区申请空间)
if (m_Age != NULL)
{
delete m_Age;
m_Age = NULL;
}
//(2)、堆区重新创建
this->m_Age = new int(*p.m_Age);
//(3)、返回对象本身
return *this;
}
——————————————
Person p1(19);
Person p2(20);
Person p3(21);
//p2 = p1; //堆区内存重复释放,堆区崩溃
// //利用深拷贝,解决浅拷贝
p3 = p2 = p1; //p2=p1,应该返回本身p2
——————————————
(1)、如果成员变量存在在堆区创建的情况,若再次使用系统提供的浅拷贝,会存在堆区内存重复释放问题,程序崩溃。
(2)、此时,需要我们自定义重载=函数,用深拷贝解决浅拷贝。
(3)、深拷贝operator=() 中,先判断原有堆区是否还有内容,有就先释放,然后再申请堆区空间。
(4)、如果还想p3=p2=p1.这种连等,则必须使得operator=() 返回类型为对象本身 Person&。
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Person
{
public:
Person(int age)
{
m_Age = new int(age);
}
~Person()
{
if (m_Age != NULL)
{
delete m_Age;
m_Age = NULL;
}
}
Person& operator=(Person& p)
{
//深拷贝之前,调用构造函数,堆区已经有内容了
//先释放原有堆区内容,再进行深拷贝(重新在堆区申请空间)
if (m_Age != NULL)
{
delete m_Age;
m_Age = NULL;
}
//堆区重新创建
this->m_Age = new int(*p.m_Age);
//返回对象本身
return *this;
}
public:
int* m_Age; //类中成员变量,指针,保存堆区开辟空间的地址
};
void test01()
{
Person p1(19);
Person p2(20);
Person p3(21);
//p2 = p1; //堆区内存重复释放,堆区崩溃
// //利用深拷贝,解决浅拷贝
p3 = p2 = p1; //p2=p1,应该返回本身p2
cout << "p1的年龄:" << *p1.m_Age << endl;
cout << "p2的年龄:" << *p2.m_Age << endl;
cout << "p3的年龄:" << *p3.m_Age << endl;
}
int main()
{
test01();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
五、关系运算符重载
== !=
重载目的:比较自定义数据类型时,我们需要重载关系运算符
bool operator==(Person& p)
{
if (this->m_Name == p.m_Name && this->m_Age == p.m_Age)
{
return true;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
#include<string>
class Person
{
public:
Person(string name, int age)
{
m_Name = name;
m_Age = age;
}
bool operator==(Person& p)
{
if (this->m_Name == p.m_Name && this->m_Age == p.m_Age)
{
return true;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
bool operator!=(Person& p)
{
if (this->m_Name == p.m_Name && this->m_Age == p.m_Age)
{
return false;
}
else
{
return true;
}
}
public:
string m_Name;
int m_Age;
};
void test01()
{
Person p1("张三", 18);
Person p2("李四", 18);
if (p1 == p2)
{
cout << "p1 和 p2相等" << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "p1 和 p2不相等" << endl;
}
if (p1 != p2)
{
cout << "p1 和 p2不相等" << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "p1 和 p2相等" << endl;
}
}
int main()
{
test01();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
六、函数调用运算符重载
函数调用运算符()
()重载后的使用方式非常像函数调用,因此称为仿函数
仿函数:在类中,重载的小括号
(01)、函数调用
void MyPrint02(string test)
{
cout << test << endl;
}
MyPrint02("Hello word 2"); //函数调用
(1)、打印类
class MyPrint
{
public:
void operator()(string test)
{
cout << test << endl;
}
};
MyPrint myPrint;
myPrint("hello word"); //使用起来,非常像函数调用,所以叫仿函数
//函数调用:MyPrint02("Hello word 2"); //函数名()
//仿函数:myPrint("hello word"); //对象名()
匿名函数对象:MyPrint( )("匿名函数对象");
(2)、加法类
class MyAdd
{
public:
int operator()(int num1, int num2)
{
return num1 + num2;
}
};
MyAdd myAdd;
int ret = myAdd(10, 20);
cout << ret << endl;
//匿名函数对象
cout << MyAdd()(100, 200) << endl;
}
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
#include<string>
//class MyPrint
//{
//public:
// MyPrint(string test)
// {
// m_test = test;
// }
//public:
// void operator()()
// {
// cout << m_test << endl;
// }
//public:
// string m_test;
//};
class MyPrint
{
public:
void operator()(string test)
{
cout << test << endl;
}
};
void MyPrint02(string test)
{
cout << test << endl;
}
void test01()
{
//1.
//MyPrint myPrint("hello");
//myPrint.operator()();
//2.仿函数
MyPrint myPrint;
myPrint("hello word"); //使用起来,非常像函数调用,所以叫仿函数
MyPrint()("匿名函数对象");
//函数调用
MyPrint02("Hello word 2");
}
//仿函数非常灵活
class MyAdd
{
public:
int operator()(int num1, int num2)
{
return num1 + num2;
}
};
void test02()
{
MyAdd myAdd;
int ret = myAdd(10, 20);
cout << ret << endl;
//匿名函数对象
cout << MyAdd()(100, 200) << endl;
}
int main()
{
test01();
test02();
system("pause");
return 0;
}