和差化积和积化和差
利用欧拉公式推导
通过欧拉公式可知
e
j
α
=
cos
α
+
j
sin
α
e
j
β
=
cos
β
+
j
sin
β
\begin{array}{l} {e^{j\alpha }} = \cos \alpha + j\sin \alpha \\ {e^{j\beta }} = \cos \beta + j\sin \beta \end{array}
ejα=cosα+jsinαejβ=cosβ+jsinβ
由
e
j
(
α
+
β
)
=
e
j
α
e
j
β
cos
(
α
+
β
)
+
j
sin
(
α
+
β
)
=
(
cos
α
+
j
sin
α
)
(
cos
β
+
j
sin
β
)
=
cos
α
cos
β
−
sin
α
sin
β
+
j
(
sin
α
cos
β
+
cos
α
sin
β
)
(1)
\begin{aligned} {e^{j\left( {\alpha + \beta } \right)}} &= {e^{j\alpha }}{e^{j\beta }}\\ \cos (\alpha + \beta ) + j\sin \left( {\alpha + \beta } \right) &= (\cos \alpha + j\sin \alpha )(\cos \beta + j\sin \beta ) \tag{1}\\ &= \cos \alpha \cos \beta - \sin \alpha \sin \beta + j(\sin \alpha \cos \beta + \cos \alpha \sin \beta ) \end{aligned}
ej(α+β)cos(α+β)+jsin(α+β)=ejαejβ=(cosα+jsinα)(cosβ+jsinβ)=cosαcosβ−sinαsinβ+j(sinαcosβ+cosαsinβ)(1)
得到
cos
(
α
+
β
)
=
cos
α
cos
β
−
sin
α
sin
β
(
2
)
sin
(
α
+
β
)
=
sin
α
cos
β
+
cos
α
sin
β
(
3
)
\begin{aligned} \cos (\alpha + \beta ) = \cos \alpha \cos \beta - \sin \alpha \sin \beta \quad\quad\quad\quad(2)\\ \sin \left( {\alpha + \beta } \right) = \sin \alpha \cos \beta + \cos \alpha \sin \beta \quad\quad\quad\quad(3) \end{aligned}
cos(α+β)=cosαcosβ−sinαsinβ(2)sin(α+β)=sinαcosβ+cosαsinβ(3)
使用-β替换β，根据cosα为偶函数，sinβ为奇函数的性质可以得到
cos
(
α
−
β
)
=
cos
α
cos
β
+
sin
α
sin
β
(
4
)
sin
(
α
−
β
)
=
sin
α
cos
β
−
cos
α
sin
β
(
5
)
\begin{aligned} \cos (\alpha - \beta ) = \cos \alpha \cos \beta + \sin \alpha \sin \beta \quad\quad\quad\quad(4) \\ \sin \left( {\alpha - \beta } \right) = \sin \alpha \cos \beta - \cos \alpha \sin \beta \quad\quad\quad\quad(5) \end{aligned}
cos(α−β)=cosαcosβ+sinαsinβ(4)sin(α−β)=sinαcosβ−cosαsinβ(5)
通过联立方程(2)和(4)得
cos
α
cos
β
=
1
2
[
cos
(
α
−
β
)
+
cos
(
α
+
β
)
]
sin
α
sin
β
=
1
2
[
cos
(
α
−
β
)
−
cos
(
α
+
β
)
]
\begin{array}{l}\displaystyle \cos \alpha \cos \beta = \frac{1}{2}[\cos (\alpha - \beta ) + \cos (\alpha + \beta )] \\[0.01cm]\\\displaystyle \sin \alpha \sin \beta = \frac{1}{2}[\cos (\alpha - \beta ) - \cos (\alpha + \beta )] \end{array}
cosαcosβ=21[cos(α−β)+cos(α+β)]sinαsinβ=21[cos(α−β)−cos(α+β)]
同理联立方程(3)和(5)得
sin
α
cos
β
=
1
2
[
sin
(
α
+
β
)
+
sin
(
α
−
β
)
]
cos
α
sin
β
=
1
2
[
sin
(
α
+
β
)
−
sin
(
α
−
β
)
]
\begin{array}{l}\displaystyle \sin \alpha \cos \beta = \frac{1}{2}[\sin (\alpha + \beta ) + \sin (\alpha - \beta )] \\[0.01cm]\\\displaystyle \cos \alpha \sin \beta = \frac{1}{2}[\sin (\alpha + \beta ) - \sin (\alpha - \beta )] \end{array}
sinαcosβ=21[sin(α+β)+sin(α−β)]cosαsinβ=21[sin(α+β)−sin(α−β)]
几何意义上理解
从图中可看出：
cos
α
+
cos
β
2
=
cos
γ
cos
θ
=
cos
α
−
β
2
cos
α
+
β
2
sin
α
+
sin
β
2
=
cos
γ
sin
θ
=
cos
α
−
β
2
sin
α
+
β
2
\begin{array}{l}\displaystyle \frac{{\cos \alpha + \cos \beta }}{2}{\rm{ = }}\cos \gamma \cos \theta = \cos \frac{{\alpha - \beta }}{2}\cos \frac{{\alpha + \beta }}{2} \\[0.01cm]\\ \displaystyle \frac{{\sin \alpha + \sin \beta }}{2}{\rm{ = }}\cos \gamma \sin \theta = \cos \frac{{\alpha - \beta }}{2}\sin \frac{{\alpha + \beta }}{2} \end{array}
2cosα+cosβ=cosγcosθ=cos2α−βcos2α+β2sinα+sinβ=cosγsinθ=cos2α−βsin2α+β
类似地有
cos
α
−
cos
β
2
=
cos
α
+
cos
(
β
+
π
)
2
=
−
sin
α
−
β
2
sin
α
+
β
2
sin
α
−
sin
β
2
=
sin
α
+
sin
(
β
+
π
)
2
=
sin
α
−
β
2
cos
α
+
β
2
\begin{array}{l} \displaystyle \frac{{\cos \alpha - \cos \beta }}{2}{\rm{ = }}\frac{{\cos \alpha + \cos (\beta {\rm{ + }}\pi )}}{2} = - \sin \frac{{\alpha - \beta }}{2}\sin \frac{{\alpha + \beta }}{2} \\[0.01cm]\\\displaystyle \frac{{\sin \alpha - \sin \beta }}{2}{\rm{ = }}\frac{{\sin \alpha + \sin (\beta + \pi )}}{2} = \sin \frac{{\alpha - \beta }}{2}\cos \frac{{\alpha + \beta }}{2} \end{array}
2cosα−cosβ=2cosα+cos(β+π)=−sin2α−βsin2α+β2sinα−sinβ=2sinα+sin(β+π)=sin2α−βcos2α+β
从向量内积理解
可令a=
[
cos
α
sin
α
]
\begin{aligned} \left[ \begin{array}{l} \cos \alpha \\ \sin \alpha \end{array} \right] \end{aligned}
[cosαsinα]，b=
[
cos
β
sin
β
]
\begin{aligned} \left[ \begin{array}{l} \cos \beta \\ \sin \beta \end{array} \right]\end{aligned}
[cosβsinβ]，从图中可以知道
cos
2
γ
\begin{aligned} \cos 2\gamma \end{aligned}
cos2γ，也即
cos
(
α
−
β
)
=
a
T
b
∣
∣
a
∣
∣
.
∣
∣
b
∣
∣
\begin{aligned} \cos (\alpha - \beta ) = \frac{{{a^T}b}}{{||a||.||b||}}\end{aligned}
cos(α−β)=∣∣a∣∣.∣∣b∣∣aTb ，得到
cos
(
α
−
β
)
=
cos
α
cos
β
+
sin
α
sin
β
\cos (\alpha - \beta ) = \cos \alpha \cos \beta + \sin \alpha \sin \beta
cos(α−β)=cosαcosβ+sinαsinβ
类似地令
β
=
β
+
π
2
\beta = \beta + \frac{\pi }{2}
β=β+2π，可得
cos
[
α
−
(
β
+
π
2
)
]
=
cos
α
cos
(
β
+
π
2
)
+
sin
α
sin
(
β
+
π
2
)
sin
(
α
−
β
)
=
sin
α
cos
β
−
cos
α
sin
β
\begin{aligned} \cos [\alpha - (\beta + \frac{\pi }{2})] =& \cos \alpha \cos (\beta + \frac{\pi }{2}) + \sin \alpha \sin (\beta + \frac{\pi }{2})\\ \sin (\alpha - \beta ) =& \sin \alpha \cos \beta - \cos \alpha \sin \beta \end{aligned}
cos[α−(β+2π)]=sin(α−β)=cosαcos(β+2π)+sinαsin(β+2π)sinαcosβ−cosαsinβ
同样可以推出其余六个
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