Matlab学习笔记

基本操作

1. a=10 工作区会出现运算结果ans

a=10; 后面加上 ; 则运算结果不会出现在 工作区

2. Row vector : 行向量

A = [1 2 3 4]

Column vector 列向量

A = [1;2;3;4]

; 相当于 换行

3. $A=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 21& 6\\ 5& 17& 9\\ 31& 2& 7\end{array}\right)$ 从列开始计数，

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
1	5	31	21	17	2	6	9	7

A(8) = 9
A(1 3 5) = 1 31 17

A([1 3 ;1 3] ) = $\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 31\\ 1& 31\end{array}\right)$
A(2,3) = 9 (2行3列）
A([1 3],[1 3]) = $\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 6\\ 31& 7\end{array}\right)$ （第一个[1 3] 是行，第二个[1 3] 是列，结果为它们的交集）

4. $A=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 21& 6\\ 5& 17& 9\\ 31& 2& 7\end{array}\right)$——> $\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 76& 6\\ 5& 17& 9\\ 31& 0& 7\end{array}\right)$——>$\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& 0\\ 5& 0& 0\\ 31& 0& 7\end{array}\right)$ ——> $\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& 0\\ 5& 0& 0\end{array}\right)$

第一步： A(3,2)=0
第二步： A([1 2],[2 3])=[0 0;0 0]
第三步： A(3,:)=[]

5. $A=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 2\\ 3& 4\end{array}\right)$ ,$B=\left(\begin{array}{cc}9& 9\\ 9& 9\end{array}\right)$

$F=[AB]=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}1& 2& 9& 9\\ 3& 4& 9& 9\end{array}\right)$ (增广矩阵）
$G=[A|B]=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 2\\ 3& 4\\ 9& 9\\ 9& 9\end{array}\right)$

6. $A=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 2& 3\\ 4& 5& 4\\ 9& 8& 7\end{array}\right)$, $B=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}3& 3& 3\\ 2& 4& 9\\ 1& 3& 1\end{array}\right)$

(1) x1 = A + B
(2) x2 = A * B
(3) x3 = A. * B $A.\ast B=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1\ast 3& 2\ast 3& 3\ast 3\\ 4\ast 2& 5\ast 4& 4\ast 9\\ 9\ast 1& 8\ast 3& 7\ast 1\end{array}\right)$ 有 . 则为element 之间
(4) x4 = A / B = A * inv(B) (B的逆矩阵)
(5) x5 = A. / B $A./B=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1/3& 2/3& 3/3\\ 4/2& 5/4& 4/9\\ 9/1& 8/3& 7/1\end{array}\right)$
(6) y1 = A + a $A+a=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1+a& 2+a& 3+a\\ 4+a& 5+a& 4+a\\ 9+a& 8+a& 7+a\end{array}\right)$
(7) y2 = A / a = A. /a $A/a=A./a=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1/a& 2/a& 3/a\\ 4/a& 5/a& 4/a\\ 9/a& 8/a& 7/a\end{array}\right)$
(8) y3 = A^a (a个A相乘)
(9) y4 = A.^a $A{.}^a=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}{1}^a& 2^a& 3^a\\ 4^a& 5^a& 4^a\\ 9^a& 8^a& 7^a\end{array}\right)$
** C = A’** (A的转置矩阵，绕着主对角线转一圈)

7. eye(n) n*n identity spaced matrix n阶单位矩阵 $\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right)$

zeros(n1,n2) n1n2 zero matrix n1n2 阶0矩阵
ones(n1,n2) n1*n2 matrix with everyone entry as 1
diag() 对角矩阵 $diag([125])\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& 0\\ 0& 2& 0\\ 0& 0& 5\end{array}\right)$ (只有对角线有element)

8. Some Matrix related functions

$A=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 2& 3\\ 0& 5& 6\\ 7& 0& 9\end{array}\right)$
(1) max(A) =(7 5 9) (按照每一列column的最大值构成的行row）
(2) A的最大值 max(max(A))
(3) min(A) (按照每一列column的最小值构成的行row)
(4) min(min(A)) A 的最小值
(5) sum(A) (A的每一列column的和构成的行row)
(6) sum(sum(A)) A元素的和
(7) mean(A) (按照A每一列column的平均值构成的行row)
(8) mean(mean(A)) A 元素的平均值
(9) sort(A) (将A每一列column按照从小到大排序)
(10) sortrows(A) (将A的第一列column按照从小到大排序，对应的行row也应该随之改变)
(11) size(A) (A的行数row和列数column)
(12) length(A) (A的行数row和列数column的最大值)
(13) find(A==n) (A中元素n在第几个位置)

结构化程序和自定义函数

1. 不等于 ** ~=**
2. 1e100 这种表示法，被称为“科学计数法”。E 后的数表示10的多少次方。

1E100 = 1X 10的100次方

3. variable = start : increment : end
4. 在命令行窗口

clc 清屏
**clear value 将工作区的value值删掉 **

5. Pre-allocating Space to Variables 为变量预分配空间

找到一个足够大的空间给向量A,

6. tic 时间开始

toc 时间结束

tic 
for ii = 1:2000
    for jj = 1:2000
        A(ii,jj)=ii+jj;
    end
end
toc

//结果： 历时 1.863940 秒。

tic 
A=zeros(2000,2000);
for ii = 1:size(A,1)
    for jj = 1:size(A,2)
        A(ii,jj) = ii+jj;
    end
end
toc

// 结果： 历时 0.026470 秒。

因此，提前给矩阵A分配空间，matlab程序运行时间显著变短

7. **size( ) **获取矩阵的行和列 A为矩阵

(1) s = size(A) 当只有一个输出参数时，返回一个行向量，该行向量的第一个元素是矩阵Matrix 的行数row，第二个元素是矩阵的列数column
(2) [row,column] = size(A);
当有两个输出参数时，size函数将矩阵matrix的行数返回给row,将矩阵的列数返回给column
(3) size(A,1); size返回行数row
size(A,2); size返回列数column

8. 将一个矩阵复制到另一个矩阵

$A=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& -1& 4\\ 9& -14& 25\\ -34& 49& 64\end{array}\right)$

B = zeros(3); % 创建一个3*3的零矩阵B
A = [0,-1,4;9,-14,25;-34,49,64];
for i=1:3
    for j=1:3
        B(i,j)=A(i,j);
    end
end

A =[0,-1,4;9,-14,25;-34,49,64];
[row, columns] = size(A); % row 为A矩阵的行， columns 为 A矩阵的列
B = zeros(row,columns);  % 创建一个row*columns 的零矩阵
for i = 1:row
    for j = 1:columns
        B(i,j)=A(i,j);  % 将 A矩阵的每一个元素分别赋值给矩阵B对应的元素
    end
end

A =[0,-1,4;9,-14,25;-34,49,64];
sz = size(A);   % sz 为行向量，元素分别为A的行与列
B = zeros(sz);   %  zeros 的参数为一个行向量
for i = 1:row
    for j = 1:columns
        B(i,j)=A(i,j);
    end
end

9. 如果矩阵A中的元素为负数，则矩阵B对应的元素改为10（续8）

% 如果矩阵A中的元素为负数，则矩阵B对应的元素改为10

A =[0,-1,4;9,-14,25;-34,49,64];
sz = size(A);
B = zeros(sz);
for i = 1:row
    for j = 1:columns
        if A(i,j)<0
            B(i,j)=10;
        else
            B(i,j)=A(i,j);
        end
    end
end

10. while 与 break

x = 2;
k = 0;
error = inf; % 无穷大常数
error_threshould = 1e-32;  % 1*10^(-32)
while error > error_threshould
    if k>100
        break;
    end
    x = x - sin(x)/cos(x);
    error = abs(x - pi); // 求整数的绝对值
    k = k+1;
end

11. clear all 移除工作区的所有变量

close all 关闭所有打开的图形
clc 清除命令行窗口的数据
语句后 加 ** ; ** 表示语句的结果不会显示在工作区，

A = [1,2,3,4,5,6;...
    6,5,4,3,2,1];

使用 … 换行 ，防止一行过长
Ctrl+C 强制关闭程序

函数fumction

12. ** edit(which(‘mean.h’));** 找到mean.m函数所在的位置

function x = freebody(x0,v0,t)
x= x0+v0.*t+1/2*9.8*t.*t;  % 元素之间的点乘

% 在命令行窗口
% freebody([0 10],[0 10],[10 20])
% ans =
%
%         490        2170

function [a,F] = acc(v2,v1,t2,t1,m)
a = (v2-v1) ./(t2-t1);
F = m.* a;

% 在命令行窗口
% [Acc,Force]=acc(10,20,5,2,3)
% Acc = -3.3333  Force =  -10

** * *两个数相乘
** . ** element之间的相乘

Chapter 02 课件

03Structured_Programming_&_Function.pdf

变量

1. 
   

s1 = 'Example';
s2 = ' String';
s3 = [s1 s2]; 
s4 = [s1; s2]; % s1 和 s2 的维度要一致

% 结果： s3 =  'Example String'
%	s4=	'Example'
      ' String'

str = 'aardvark';  % index索引从1开始
'a'==str;  % 'a'与str中的每一个字符比较，相同为1，不同为0
str(str=='a')='z';  % str(11000100) = z ;  第1，2，6个位置替换为z
strcmp(str,'aardvark');  % 比较两个字符串是否相同，相同返回1(true),否则返回0(false)
% 结果 ans=
%						1   1   0   0   0   1   0   0
%   str =  'zzrdvzrk'

s1='I like the letter E';
len=strlength(s1);  % 返回s1的长度
dlen = len;
j=1;
for i=dlen:-1:1
    s2(j)=s1(i);
    j=j+1;
end

student.name = 'John Doe';
student.id = 'jdo2@sfu.ca';
student.number = 301073268;
student.grade = [100,75,73; ...
    95,91,85.5; ...
    100,98,72];
student;  %  student被宣告为结构体

student(2).name = 'Ann Lane';
student(2).id = 'aln4@sfu.ca';
student(2).number = 301078853;
student(2).grade = [95,100,90; ...
                    95,82,97; ...
                    100,85,100];

% student = 
%
%    包含以下字段的 1×2 struct 数组:
%
%      name
%      id
%      number
%      grade


% 在命令行窗口输入
% fieldnames(student)  % 结构体的字段名
%  4×1 cell 数组
%
%    {'name'  }
%    {'id'    }
%    {'number'}
%    {'grade' }


%  rmfield(student,'id')  % 删除student结构体的id字段

% 结构体嵌套
A = struct('data',[3,4,7;8,0,1], ...
    'nest', struct('testnum','Test 1','xdata',[4,2,8],'ydata',[7,1,6]));
A(2).data = [9,3,2;7,6,5];
A(2).nest.testnum = 'Test 2';
A(2).nest.xdata = [3,4,2];
A(2).nest.ydata = [5,0,9];
A.nest;   % nest 是一个结构体
% data 的值就是  [3,4,7;8,0,1] , 
% nest 的值是  struct('testnum','Test 1','xdata',[4,2,8],'ydata',[7,1,6])

% 元胞数组  cell array
A(1,1)={[1,4,3;0,5,8;7,2,9]};
A(1,2) = {'Anne Smith'};
A(2,1) = {3+7i};
A(2,2) = {-pi:pi:pi};
A; % A被宣告为数组

% 元胞数组 cell array
A{1,1} = [1,4,3;0,5,8;7,2,9];
A{1,2} = 'Anne Smith';
A{2,1} = 3+7i;
A{2,2} = -pi:pi:pi;
A;

A(1,1) 是pointer 指向的内容
A{1,1} 是cell array 的内容

A{1,1} = [1,4,3;0,5,8;7,2,9];
A{1,2} = ‘Anne Smith’;
A{2,1} = 3+7i;
A{2,2} = [-pi 0 pi];
A;

命令行：
A{1,1}(1)

ans =

 1

a = magic(3);  % 1~ 9  的幻方矩阵
b = num2cell(a); % cell by cell 
c = mat2cell(a,[1 1 1],3); % [1 1 1]  row 行数 三行    3 3个column 在一起  1行5列

%%
% 2x2x2的  三维数组
A{1,1,1} = [1,2;4,5];
A{1,2,1} = 'Name';
A{2,1,1} = 2-4i;
A{2,2,1} = 7;
A{1,1,2} = 'Name2';
A{1,2,2} = 3;
A{2,1,2} = 0:1:3;
A{2,2,2} = [4 5];
        

%%
% 串联数组
A{1,1} = [1,2;4,5];
A{1,2} = 'Name ';
A{2,1} = 2-4i;
A{2,2} = 7;
B{1,1} = 'Name2';
B{1,2} = 0:1:3;
B{2,1} = 3;
B{2,2} = [4 5];
C = cat(3,A,B); %% 1 row  2 column  3 layer

% reshape 重构数组
A = {'James Bond',[1,2;3,4;5,6];pi,magic(5)};
C = reshape(A,1,4);  % matrix C 为 one by four  

%%
% 将work space 中的所有variable 存储在mydate1.mat中
a = magic(4);
save mydate1.mat -ascii % -ascii  通过notepad 打开时没有乱码
save mydate2.mat    %  通过notepad 打开时有乱码

load('mydate2.mat');  %  将mydate2.mat 中的variable 存储在 work space 
load ('mydate1.mat', '-ascii');  %  将mydate1.mat 中的variable 存储在 work space ,但是variable 名没有了，只有file 名  ,mydate1.mat 是以ascii文本模式加载的，所以要用 -ascii 

% 只存储worksapce 中的某一个variable 时，
save mydate2.mat b -ascii

%%
% 将chapter 4.xlsx  excel 文件中的数据读到 workspace 
Score = xlsread('chapter 4.xlsx');  % 所有数据都读取
Score1 = xlsread('chapter 4.xlsx','B2:D4');   % 只读取 从B2到D4的数据

% 在命令行窗口：
M = mean(Score1')'; % mean 是column operation ,所以要转置matrix Score1,最后又恢复
xlswrite('chapter 4.xlsx',M,1,'E2:E4'); % 把平均数写入到chapter 4.xlsx  excel 文件中

xlswrite('chapter 4.xlsx',{'Mean'},1,'E1'); % 将Mean 写入到E1为位置

% 标准差 std 是 column operation ,所以要转置matrix Score1,最后又恢复
% 在命令行窗口：
S = std(Score1')'; 
xlswrite('chapter 4.xlsx',S,1,'F2:F4'); % 把标准差写入到chapter 4.xlsx  excel 文件中
xlswrite('chapter 4.xlsx',{'Std'},1,'F1'); % 将Std 写入到F1为位置

% 读取表头和数字
[Score Header] = xlsread('chapter 4.xlsx');  % Score: numeric variable 数字的， Header 为string
  % Header 实际为 cell

%% 
% 读写文件
x = 0: pi/10 : pi;
y = sin(x);
fid = fopen('sinx.txt','w');  % 打开文件
for i=1:10
    fprintf(fid,'%5.3f  %8.4f\n',x(i),y(i));
end
fclose(fid);
type sinx.txt  % 查看sin.txt 文件内容

%% 
% 读取文件，在命令行中
fid = fopen('04asciiData.txt','r');
i=1;
while ~feof(fid) % feof end of file 不到文件末尾返回0，反之返回1
    name(i,:) = fscanf(fid,'%5c',1);  % name(i,:)从column 第一个字符读到第三个字符   1  是size
    year(i) = fscanf(fid,'%d',1);
    no1(i) = fscanf(fid,'%d',1);
    no2(i) = fscanf(fid,'%d',1);
    no3(i) = fscanf(fid,'%g',1);
    no4(i) = fscanf(fid,'%g\n',1);
    i=i+1;
end
fclose(fid)

chapter 04 课件

04Data_Structure_&_File_Access.pdf

初阶绘图

hold on/off hold on 保留这个图在figure

hold on
plot(cos(0:pi/20:2*pi));
plot(sin(0:pi/20:2*pi));
hold off

linespace 图像的颜色与类型

hold on
plot(cos(0:pi/20:2*pi),'^-m');
plot(sin(0:pi/20:2*pi),'pr:');
hold off

x= 0:0.5:4*pi;
y = sin(x);
h = cos(x);
w = 1./(1+exp(-x));
g = (1/(2*pi*2)^0.5).*exp((-1.*(x-2*pi).^2)./(2*2^2));
plot(x,y,'bd-',x,h,'gp:',x,w,'ro-',x,g,'c^-');
legend('sin(x)','cos(x)','Sigmoid','Gauss function');

x = 0:0.1:2*pi;
y1 = sin(x);
y2 = exp(-x);
plot(x,y1,'--*',x,y2,':o');
xlabel('t = 0 to 2\pi');
ylabel('values of sin(t) and e^{-x}');
title('Function Plots of sin(t) and e^{-x}');
legend('sin(t)','e^{-x}');

%  \pi --> Π   e^{-x}  要用 {} 括起来 

x = linspace(0,3);
y = x.^2.*sin(x);
plot(x,y,'-k');
line([2,2],[0,2^2*sin(2)]);
str = '$$ \int_{0}^{2} x^2\sin(x) dx $$';
text(0.25,2.5,str,'Interpreter','latex');
annotation('arrow','X',[0.32,0.5],'Y',[0.6,0.4]); % arrow 箭头

% linspace(x1,x2,N);  产生x1,x2之间的N点行向量，x1为起始值，x2为终止值，N为元素个数; linspace(x1,x2) N默认为100
% line([起点的横坐标，终点的横坐标],[起点的纵坐标，终点的纵坐标])
% '$$   $$'  是Latex的固定格式， \int  是积分号
% linspace() 返回的是row vector ,所以相乘的时候应该用 .*

’ ’ 是Latex的固定格式， \int 是积分号

t = linspace(1,2);
f = t.*t;
g = sin(2*pi.*t);
plot(t,f,'k-',t,g,'or:'); 
xlabel('Time(ms)');
ylabel('f(t)');
title('Mini Assignment #1');
legend('t^{2}','sin(2\pit)');

x = linspace(0,2*pi,1000);
y = sin(x);
h = plot(x,y);
get(h);  
% h 是  handle of sin(x) line  
% axes 轴（x轴，y轴）
% gca is handle of axes

Line Properties(属性)
AlignVertexCenters: off
Annotation: [1×1 matlab.graphics.eventdata.Annotation]
BeingDeleted: off
BusyAction: ‘queue’
ButtonDownFcn: ‘’
Children: [0×0 GraphicsPlaceholder]
Clipping: on
Color: [0 0.4470 0.7410]
ColorMode: ‘auto’
ContextMenu: [0×0 GraphicsPlaceholder]
CreateFcn: ‘’
DataTipTemplate: [1×1 matlab.graphics.datatip.DataTipTemplate]
DeleteFcn: ‘’
DisplayName: ‘’
HandleVisibility: ‘on’
HitTest: on
Interruptible: on
LineJoin: ‘round’
LineStyle: ‘-’
LineStyleMode: ‘auto’
LineWidth: 0.5000
Marker: ‘none’
MarkerEdgeColor: ‘auto’
MarkerFaceColor: ‘none’
MarkerIndices: [1×1000 uint64]
MarkerMode: ‘auto’
MarkerSize: 6
Parent: [1×1 Axes]
PickableParts: ‘visible’
Selected: off
SelectionHighlight: on
SeriesIndex: 1
Tag: ‘’
Type: ‘line’
UserData: []
Visible: on
XData: [1×1000 double]
XDataMode: ‘manual’
XDataSource: ‘’
YData: [1×1000 double]
YDataSource: ‘’
ZData: [1×0 double]
ZDataSource: ‘’

Axes(轴) properties
**commond: get(gca) **
ALim: [0 1]
ALimMode: ‘auto’
AlphaScale: ‘linear’
Alphamap: [1×64 double]
AmbientLightColor: [1 1 1]
BeingDeleted: off
Box: on
BoxStyle: ‘back’
BusyAction: ‘queue’
ButtonDownFcn: ‘’
CLim: [0 1]
CLimMode: ‘auto’
CameraPosition: [3.5000 0 17.3205]
CameraPositionMode: ‘auto’
CameraTarget: [3.5000 0 0]
CameraTargetMode: ‘auto’
CameraUpVector: [0 1 0]
CameraUpVectorMode: ‘auto’
CameraViewAngle: 6.6086
CameraViewAngleMode: ‘auto’
Children: [1×1 Line]
Clipping: on
ClippingStyle: ‘3dbox’
Color: [1 1 1]
ColorOrder: [7×3 double]
ColorOrderIndex: 2
ColorScale: ‘linear’
Colormap: [256×3 double]
ContextMenu: [0×0 GraphicsPlaceholder]
CreateFcn: ‘’
CurrentPoint: [2×3 double]
DataAspectRatio: [3.5000 1 1]
DataAspectRatioMode: ‘auto’
DeleteFcn: ‘’
FontAngle: ‘normal’
FontName: ‘Helvetica’
FontSize: 10
FontSizeMode: ‘auto’
FontSmoothing: on
FontUnits: ‘points’
FontWeight: ‘normal’
GridAlpha: 0.1500
GridAlphaMode: ‘auto’
GridColor: [0.1500 0.1500 0.1500]
GridColorMode: ‘auto’
GridLineStyle: ‘-’
HandleVisibility: ‘on’
HitTest: on
InnerPosition: [0.1300 0.1100 0.7750 0.8150]
Interactions: [1×1 matlab.graphics.interaction.interface.DefaultAxesInteractionSet]
Interruptible: on
LabelFontSizeMultiplier: 1.1000
Layer: ‘bottom’
Layout: [0×0 matlab.ui.layout.LayoutOptions]
Legend: [0×0 GraphicsPlaceholder]
LineStyleOrder: ‘-’
LineStyleOrderIndex: 1
LineWidth: 0.5000
MinorGridAlpha: 0.2500
MinorGridAlphaMode: ‘auto’
MinorGridColor: [0.1000 0.1000 0.1000]
MinorGridColorMode: ‘auto’
MinorGridLineStyle: ‘:’
NextPlot: ‘replace’
NextSeriesIndex: 2
OuterPosition: [0 0 1 1]
Parent: [1×1 Figure]
PickableParts: ‘visible’
PlotBoxAspectRatio: [1 0.7882 0.7882]
PlotBoxAspectRatioMode: ‘auto’
Position: [0.1300 0.1100 0.7750 0.8150]
PositionConstraint: ‘outerposition’
Projection: ‘orthographic’
Selected: off
SelectionHighlight: on
SortMethod: ‘childorder’
Subtitle: [1×1 Text]
SubtitleFontWeight: ‘normal’
Tag: ‘’
TickDir: ‘in’
TickDirMode: ‘auto’
TickLabelInterpreter: ‘tex’
TickLength: [0.0100 0.0250]
TightInset: [0.0510 0.0527 0.0071 0.0200]
Title: [1×1 Text]
TitleFontSizeMultiplier: 1.1000
TitleFontWeight: ‘normal’
TitleHorizontalAlignment: ‘center’
Toolbar: [1×1 AxesToolbar]
Type: ‘axes’
Units: ‘normalized’
UserData: []
View: [0 90]
Visible: on
XAxis: [1×1 NumericRuler]
XAxisLocation: ‘bottom’
XColor: [0.1500 0.1500 0.1500]
XColorMode: ‘auto’
XDir: ‘normal’
XGrid: off
XLabel: [1×1 Text]
XLim: [0 7]
XLimMode: ‘auto’
XMinorGrid: off
XMinorTick: off
XScale: ‘linear’
XTick: [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7]
XTickLabel: {8×1 cell}
XTickLabelMode: ‘auto’
XTickLabelRotation: 0
XTickMode: ‘auto’
YAxis: [1×1 NumericRuler]
YAxisLocation: ‘left’
YColor: [0.1500 0.1500 0.1500]
YColorMode: ‘auto’
YDir: ‘normal’
YGrid: off
YLabel: [1×1 Text]
YLim: [-1 1]
YLimMode: ‘auto’
YMinorGrid: off
YMinorTick: off
YScale: ‘linear’
YTick: [-1 -0.8000 -0.6000 -0.4000 -0.2000 0 0.2000 0.4000 0.6000 0.8000 1]
YTickLabel: {11×1 cell}
YTickLabelMode: ‘auto’
YTickLabelRotation: 0
YTickMode: ‘auto’
ZAxis: [1×1 NumericRuler]
ZColor: [0.1500 0.1500 0.1500]
ZColorMode: ‘auto’
ZDir: ‘normal’
ZGrid: off
ZLabel: [1×1 Text]
ZLim: [-1 1]
ZLimMode: ‘auto’
ZMinorGrid: off
ZMinorTick: off
ZScale: ‘linear’
ZTick: [-1 0 1]
ZTickLabel: ‘’
ZTickLabelMode: ‘auto’
ZTickLabelRotation: 0
ZTickMode: ‘auto’

**6~7之间有空白，现在要求 X_Axes limits 为 [0,2Π]， Y_Axes Limits 为[-1,1] **
用 axes limits 不用 line limit

set(gca,‘XLim’,[0,2*pi]);
set(gca,‘YLim’,[-1,1]); % gca is axes handle

x = linspace(0,2*pi,1000);
y = sin(x);
h = plot(x,y);
get(h);
set(gca,'XLim',[0,2*pi]);
set(gca,'YLim',[-1.2,1.2]);
ylim([-1,1]);

把Font(字体)变为symbol(符号)后，就可以将0，90°，180°变为0，Π/2，Π ，symbol中 p就是Π，

现有一个问题，执行 set(gca,‘FontName’,‘symbol’); 后，axes上的字体变成了方块，
方法一：不执行 set(gca,‘FontName’,‘symbol’); ，直接执行 set(gca,‘XTickLabel’,{‘0’,‘\pi/2’,‘\pi’,‘3\pi/2’,‘2\pi’});

x = linspace(0,2*pi,1000);
y = sin(x);
h = plot(x,y);
get(h);
set(gca,'XLim',[0,2*pi]);
set(gca,'YLim',[-1.2,1.2]);
ylim([-1,1]);
set(gca,'FontSize',25);
set(gca,'XTick',0:pi/2:2*pi);
set(gca,'XTickLabel',0:90:360);
%set(gca,'FontName','symbol');
set(gca,'XTickLabel',{'0','\pi/2','\pi','3\pi/2','2\pi'});
% set(gca,'XLim',[0,2*pi]);  -->   xlim([0,2*pi]); 
% set(gca,'YLim',[-1.2,1.2]);  -->  ylim([-1.2,1.2]);

set(h,'LineStyle','-.',...
    'LineWidth',7.0,'Color','g');
% 或者 plot(x,y,'-.g',...
         'LineWidth',7.0);
% delete(h);  删除了图像h,axes还在

A = rand(20,1); % 返回20*1的随机矩阵， returns an 20 by 1 array of random numbers
set(gca,'FontSize',18);
plot(A,'-md','LineWidth',2,'MarkerEdgeColor','k',...
     'MarkerFaceColor','g','MarkerSize',10);
set(gca,'XLim',[1,20]);
% plot(y); ( y =sin(x)), 默认 x=[0,1,2,3...n] ;
% plot(x,y)  x 的范围在前面已被限定

hold on 
t = linspace(1,2); % 默认有100个数
y1 = t.*t;
y2 = sin(2*pi.*t);
plot(t,y1,'-k','LineWidth',5);
plot(t,y2,'or','MarkerEdgeColor','m','MarkerFaceColor','b');
xlabel('Time(ms)');
ylabel('f(t)');
title('Mini Assignment #1');
legend('t^{2}','sin({2\pit})');
set(gca,'XTick',1:0.2:2);
set(gca,'YTick',-1:1:4);
set(gca,'FontSize',15)
hold off

multiple figure

当画第二张图的时候，handle point to current figure/axes

x = -10:0.1:10; % x is vector
y1 = x.^2-8; % x的每个元素做运算,做点乘
y2 = exp(x);
figure,plot(x,y1); 
figure,plot(x,y2);
% 呼叫两个figure,做两张图

一张图中多张子图

subplot(m,n,1); m个行，n个列

t = 0:0.1:2*pi;
x = 3*cos(t);
y = sin(t);
subplot(2,2,1); plot(x,y); axis normal
subplot(2,2,2); plot(x,y); axis square
subplot(2,2,3); plot(x,y); axis equal
subplot(2,2,4); plot(x,y); axis equal tight

:::warning
axis off 只能操作current axes ,关闭最后一张子图的axes
box 是x轴上方，y轴上方
操作时只能操作最后一张子图
axis (复数 axes) 轴
:::

:::success
equal 是 x轴的unit == y轴的unit , square 是 x轴的总长度==y轴的总长度
equal tight 是画的line 与 axes 相切
图形的横纵坐标范围不变，只是改变了坐标轴上的分度值
:::

chapter 05 课件

05Basic_Plotting.pdf

进阶绘图

Logarithm plot 对数图

x = logspace(-1,1,100); x = 10^-1 … 10^1 ,一共100个数 （默认是50个数）

x = logspace(-1,1,100); % x is vector ,运算时点乘  .*   , x = 10^-1 ~ 10^1 ,一共100个数
y = x.^2;
subplot(2,2,1); plot(x,y); title('Plot');
subplot(2,2,2); semilogx(x,y); title('Semilogx'); % semi 一半， 对x轴取对数，y轴不变
subplot(2,2,3); semilogy(x,y); title('Semilogy');  % semi 一半， 对y轴取对数，x轴不变
subplot(2,2,4); loglog(x,y); title('LogLog'); % 对x,y轴取对数
set(gca,'XGrid','on');

只有最后一张子图有网格，因为current handle --> 最后一张 figure ,所以只能操作最后一张图
对数 图的网格差很大

问题： 2020b版本 plotyy 不建议用， 改为 yyaxis
yyaxis left; plot(x,y1);
yyaxis right; plot(x,y2);

x = 0:0.01:20;
y1 = 200*exp(-0.05*x).*sin(x);
y2 = 0.8*exp(-0.5*x).*sin(10*x);
yyaxis left ;
plot(x,y1,'LineStyle','-');
ylabel('Left Y-axis');
yyaxis right ;
plot(x,y2,'LineStyle',':'); ylabel('Right Y-axis');
title('Labeling yyaxis');

y = randn(1,1000);
subplot(2,1,1); hist(y,10);
title('Bins = 10');
subplot(2,1,2); hist(y,50);
title('Bins = 50');

randn(n,m); 返回一个n*m的矩阵
histogram 将 bin 显示为矩形，这样每个矩形的高度就表示 bin 中的元素数量。

y = randn(1,1000);
subplot(2,1,1); histogram(y,10); title('Bins = 10');
subplot(2,1,2); histogram(y,50); title('Bins = 50');

x = [1 2 5 7 8];
y = [x;1:5];
subplot(1,3,1); bar(x); title('A bargraph of vector x');
subplot(1,3,2); bar(y); title('A bargraph of vector y');
subplot(1,3,3); bar3(y); title('A 3D bargraph'); % bar3 3D图 ，三个维度分别是 bar,group,value

x = [1 2 5 7 8];
y = [x;1:5];
subplot(1,2,1); bar(y,'stacked'); title('Stacked');
subplot(1,2,2); barh(y); title('Horizontal'); // 水平图
% stacked 将每个group的数据加和，更直观

x = [1 2 5 7 8];
y = [x;1:5];
subplot(1,2,1); bar(y,'stacked'); title('Stacked');
subplot(1,2,2); barh(y,'stacked'); title('Horizontal'); % barh 后再加一个参数 stacked

a = [10 5 20 30];
subplot(1,3,1); pie(a);
subplot(1,3,2); pie(a,[0 0 0 1]);
subplot(1,3,3); pie3(a,[0 0 0 1]);

pie(a,[0 0 0 1]); 中的[0 0 0 1] 分别对应a中的每个元素， 为0，则说明连接在一起， 为1（不为0，就裂开） 说明 裂开
pie3 立体图

a = [10 5 20 30];
subplot(1,3,1); pie(a);
subplot(1,3,2); pie(a,[1 1 1 1]);
subplot(1,3,3); pie3(a,[1 1 1 1]);

x= 1:100; theta = x/10; r = log10(x);
subplot(1,4,1); polarplot(theta,r);

theta = linspace(0,2*pi); r = cos(4*theta);
subplot(1,4,2); polarplot(theta,r);

theta = linspace(0,2*pi,6); g = length(theta); r = ones(1,length(theta));
subplot(1,4,3); polarplot(theta,r);

theta = linspace(0,2*pi); r = 1-sin(theta);
subplot(1,4,4); polarplot(theta,r);

polarplot include theta and r
五边形： linspace(0,2pi,6) 0到2Π ，一共6个点，分成了5份，起始点和终止点重合
或 **theta = 0:2/5pi:2*pi**

theta = linspace(0,2*pi,7); g = length(theta); r = ones(1,length(theta));
subplot(1,4,3); polarplot(theta,r);

x = linspace(0,4*pi,40);
y = sin(x);
subplot(1,2,1); stairs(y);
subplot(1,2,2); stem(y);

** stairs ** ** stem**

hold on
t = linspace(0,10,230);
y=sin((pi*t.^2)/4);
plot(t,y,'b');
stem(t,y,'r');
set(gca,'YTick',-1:0.5:1);
set(gca,'XTick',0:1:10);
title('f(t)=sin(\pit^{2}/4)');
xlabel('t');
ylabel('f(t)');
hold off

plot(y); x轴就是自变量x的length

load carsmall
boxplot(MPG,Origin);

x = 0:pi/10:pi; y = sin(x);
e = std(y)*ones(size(x));
errorbar(x,y,e);
% size 返回vector 的维度的长度
% errorbar 误差线
% std 返回matrix 列的标准差组成vector
% ones(n,m) 返回n*m 的matrix

t = (1:2:15)'*pi/8;
x = sin(t); y = cos(t);
fill(x,y,'r');
axis square off;  % 关闭axis 的框
text(0,0,'STOP','Color','w','FontSize',80,...
    'FontWeight','bold','HorizontalAlignment','center');

t = 0:pi/2:2*pi;
x =sin(t); y = cos(t);
fill(x,y,'y');
axis square off;
text(0,0,'WAIT','Color','k','FontSize',70,...
    'FontWeight','bold','HorizontalAlignment','center');

G= [46 38 29 24 13];
S = [29 27 17 26 8];
B = [29 23 19 32 7];
h = bar(1:5,[G',S',B']);
title('Media count for top 5 countries in 2012 Olympics');
ylabel('Number of medals');
xlabel('Country');
legend('Gold','Silver','Bronze');
set(gca,'XTicklabel',{'USA','CHN','GBR','RUS','KOR'});
h(1).FaceColor='#CCCC00';
h(2).FaceColor='#666699';
h(3).FaceColor='#996600';

[x, y]=meshgrid(-3:.2:3,-3:.2:3);
z = x.^2+x.*y+y.^2;  
surf(x,y,z); 
box on;
set(gca,'FontSize',16,'XLim',[-4 4],'YLim',[-4 4]);
zlabel('z');  xlabel('x'); ylabel('y');
imagesc(z); axis square; xlabel('x'); ylabel('y');

[x, y] = meshgrid(-3:.2:3,-3:.2:3);
z = x.^2 + x.*y + y.^2; surf( x, y, z); box on;
set(gca,'FontSize', 16); zlabel('z');
xlim([-4 4]); xlabel('x'); ylim([-4 4]); ylabel('y');
imagesc(z); axis square; xlabel('x'); ylabel('y');

（1）[x,y]=meshgrid(-3:.2:3, -3:.2:3); 基于向量 x 和 y 中包含的坐标返回二维网格坐标。X 是一个矩阵，每一行是 x 的一个副本；Y 也是一个矩阵，每一列是 y 的一个副本。坐标 X 和 Y 表示的网格有 length(y) 个行和 length(x) 个列。.2 代表0.2密度的意思
（2）surf(x,y,z); 创建一个三维曲面图，它是一个具有实色边和实色面的三维曲面。该函数将矩阵 Z 中的值绘制为由 X 和 Y 定义的 x-y 平面中的网格上方的高度。曲面的颜色根据 Z 指定的高度而变化。曲面图对高度和颜色均使用z
**surf(x,y,z,c); **C 表示颜色。使用_颜色图_指定颜色，该颜色图使用单个数字表示色谱上的颜色。使用颜色图时，C 与 Z 大小相同。
**（3）imagesc(z); 这里的z就是颜色c, **将数组 C 中的数据显示为一个图像，该图像使用颜色图中的全部颜色。C 的每个元素指定图像的一个像素的颜色。生成的图像是一个 m×n 像素网格，其中 m 和 n 分别是 C中的行数和列数。这些元素的行索引和列索引确定了对应像素的中心。

colorbar; % 色阶的颜色栏

x = [1:10;3:12;5:14];
imagesc(x);
colorbar;
map = zeros(256,3);
map(:,2)=(0:255)/255;
colormap(map);

map(:,2)=(0:255)/255;
map(: , 2) ; : 表示所有行 2 表示第二列
colormap() 返回的是一个256*3的矩阵， 矩阵中的每个元素范围在 0~1 之间
颜色可以看作是另一个维度

x = 0:0.1:3*pi;
z1 = sin(x); z2 = sin(2.*x); z3 = sin(3.*x);
y1 = zeros(size(x)); y3 = ones(size(x));  y2 = y3./2;
plot3(x,y1,z1,'r',x,y2,z2,'b',x,y3,z3,'g');
xlabel('x-axis');
ylabel('y-axis');
zlabel('z-axis');
title('plot3D');
grid on;

turns = 40*pi;
t = linspace(0,turns,400);
x = cos(t).*(turns-t)./turns;
y = sin(t).*(turns-t)./turns;
z = t./turns;
plot3(x,y,z); grid on;

x = -2:1:2;  y = -2:1:2;  
[X,Y] = meshgrid(x,y)
    
命令行窗口：    
X =

    -2    -1     0     1     2
    -2    -1     0     1     2
    -2    -1     0     1     2
    -2    -1     0     1     2
    -2    -1     0     1     2


Y =

    -2    -2    -2    -2    -2
    -1    -1    -1    -1    -1
     0     0     0     0     0
     1     1     1     1     1
     2     2     2     2     2

x = -3.5:0.2:3.5;  y = -3.5:0.2:3.5;
[X,Y] = meshgrid(x,y);
Z = X.*exp(-X.^2-Y.^2);
%subplot(1,2,1); mesh(X,Y,Z);
%subplot(1,2,2); surf(X,Y,Z);
figure, mesh(X,Y,Z);
figure,surf(X,Y,Z);

mesh() （mesh网格） surf() 给网格填充颜色了

x = -3.5:0.2:3.5; y = -3.5:0.2:3.5;
[X,Y] = meshgrid(x,y); Z = X.*exp(-X.^2-Y.^2);
subplot(1,3,1); contour(Z,[-.45:.05:.45]); axis square;
subplot(1,3,2); [C,h]=contour(Z); clabel(C,h); axis square;
subplot(1,3,3); contourf(Z); axis square;

hold on
x = -3.5:0.2:3.5; y = -3.5:0.2:3.5;
[X,Y]=meshgrid(x,y); Z = X.*exp(-X.^2-Y.^2);
[C,h]=contourf(Z,(-0.45:0.05:0.45)); clabel(C,h);
axis  square;
hold off;

（1）[X,Y]=meshgrad(x,y); 基于向量x,y中包含的坐标返回二维网络坐标，
X是一个矩阵，row是x的一个副本；
Y是一个矩阵，column是y的一个副本；
（2）**.45 **–> 0.45
（3）[C,h]=contour(Z); 返回等高矩阵M,等高线对象h,显示等高线图后，使用h来设置属性
（4）clabel(C,h); 为当前等高线图添加标签，将旋转文本插入每条等高线。

x = -3.5:0.2:3.5; y = -3.5:0.2:3.5;
[X,Y]=meshgrid(x,y); Z = X.*exp(-X.^2-Y.^2);
subplot(1,2,1); meshc(X,Y,Z);
subplot(1,2,2); surfc(X,Y,Z);

sphere(50); shading flat;
light('Position',[1 3 2]);
light('Position',[-3 -1 3]);
material shiny;
axis vis3d off;
set(gcf,'Color','#FFFFFF');
colormap(jet);
%set(gcf,'Color',[1 1 1]);
view(-45,20);

[X,Y,Z]=sphere(64); h = surf(X,Y,Z);
axis square vis3d off;
reds = zeros(256,3); red(:,3) = (0:256.-1)/255;
colormap(reds); shading interp; lighting phong;
set(h,'AmbientStrength',0.75,'DiffuseStrength',0.5);
L1 = light('Position',[-1,-1,-1]);
colormap(jet);

v = [0 0 0; 1 0 0 ; 1 1 0; 0 1 0; 0.25 0.25 1; ...
    0.75 0.25 1; 0.75 0.75 1; 0.25 0.75 1];
f = [1 2 3 4; 5 6 7 8; 1 2 6 5; 2 3 7 6; 3 4 8 7; 4 1 5 8];
subplot(1,2,1); patch('Vertices', v, 'Faces', f, ...
    'FaceVertexCData', hsv(6), 'FaceColor', 'flat');
view(3); axis square tight; grid on;
subplot(1,2,2); patch('Vertices', v, 'Faces', f, ...
    'FaceVertexCData', hsv(8), 'FaceColor', 'interp');
view(3); axis square tight; grid on;

load cape
X=conv2(ones(9,9)/81,cumsum(cumsum(randn(100,100)),2));
surf(X,'EdgeColor','none','EdgeLighting','Phong',...
    'FaceColor','interp');
colormap(map); caxis([-10,300]);
grid off; axis off;

chapter 06 课件

06Advanced_Plotting.pdf

微积分

多项式的微积分

%%
%  多项式
a = [9,-5,3,7];  % 多项式的系数（指数由大到小排序3 2  1 0）
x = -2:0.01:5;  % x 轴
f = polyval(a,x);  % 算多项式 p(最小项指数为0) 在 x 的每个点处的值
plot(x,f,'LineWidth',2,'Color','r');% x 为横坐标  y 为纵坐标 LineWidth 为图像的线粗度 =2
xlabel('x'); % 为 x 轴添加标签
ylabel('f(x)'); % 为 y 轴添加标签
set(gca,'FontSize',14);

%%
% 多项式的微分
p = [5 0 -2 0 1];  % 多项式 5x^4 - 2x^2 +1
polyder(p)  % diff  微分 polynomial 多项式  即 20x^3 - 4x
polyval(polyder(p),7) %    微分多项式在7的值f'(7)

%%
% conv 卷积和多项式乘法 对两个多项式乘积
a = [5 -7 5 10];
b = [4 12 -3];
c = conv(a,b) % conv 卷积和多项式乘法  

$c=(5X^3-7X^2+5X+10)(4X^2+12X-3)$
表示虚数 2+4i --> 2+i*4

hold on
c = [5,-7,5,10]; d = [4,12,-3];
e = conv(a,d); x1 = -2:0.1:1; 
f0 = polyval(e,x1);
f1 = polyval(polyder(e),x1);
plot(x1,f0,'--b');
plot(x1,f1,'r-');
legend('f(x)',"f'(x)");
hold off

p = [5,0,-2,0,1]; 
f = polyint(p,3)  %  加的常数是3 
polyval(f,7)

$f=\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}1.0000& 0& -0.6667& 0& 1.0000& 3.0000\end{array}\right)$ 积分后的多项式的系数

数值的微积分

数值的微分

x = [1,2,5,2,1];  % 五个元素，前后的差异有四个
diff(x)
    
% ans = [ 1     3    -3    -1]

x = [1,2]; y = [5,7];
slope = diff(y)./diff(x) % 斜率
% ans =2 

x0 = pi/2; h = 0.1;
x = [x0,x0+h];
y = [sin(x0),sin(x0+h)];
slope = diff(y)./diff(x)

h	Error of f’(x) (误差)
0.1	-0.0500
0.01	-0.0050
0.001	-5.0000e-04
0.0001	-5.0000e-05
0.00001	-5.0000e-06
0.000001	-5.0004e-07
0.0000001	-4.9960e-08
0.00000001	0

hold on
h = 0.000001;
x = 0:h:2*pi;
x1 = 0:h:2*pi-h;   %    
y = sin(x);  
m = diff(y)./diff(x); 
plot(x,y,'-r');
plot(x1,m,'--b');
legend("sin(x)","sin'(x)");
hold off

g = colormap(lines);
hold on;
for i = 1:4
    x = 0:power(10,-i):pi;
    y = sin(x);
    m = diff(y)./diff(x);
    %x1 = 0:power(10,-i):pi-power(10,-i);
    plot(x(1:end-1),m,'Color',g(i,:));
    %plot(x1(1:end),m,'Color',g(i,:));
end
hold off;

set(gca,'XLim',[0,pi/2]);
set(gca,'YLim',[0,1.2]);
set(gca,'FontSize',18);
set(gca,'XTick',0:pi/4:pi/2);
set(gca,'XTickLabel',{'0','\pi/4','\pi/2'});
legend('h=0.1','h=0.01','h=0.001','h=0.0001');

g = colormap(lines);
hold on;
for i = 1:3
    x = 0:power(10,-i):2*pi;
    y =exp(-x).*sin(x.*x/2);
    m = diff(y)./diff(x);
    %x1 = 0:power(10,-i):pi-power(10,-i);
    plot(x(1:end-1),m,'Color',g(i,:));
    %plot(x1(1:end),m,'Color',g(i,:));
end
hold off;

set(gca,'XLim',[0,pi*2]);
set(gca,'YLim',[0,0.2]);
set(gca,'FontSize',18);
set(gca,'XTick',0:pi/2:pi*2);
set(gca,'XTickLabel',{'0','\pi/2','\pi','3\pi/2','2\pi'});
legend('h=0.1','h=0.01','h=0.001');

x = -2 : 0.005 : 2;  y = x.^3;
m = diff(y)./diff(x); % y'
m2 = diff(m)./diff(x(1:end-1)); % y'' ,diff()是差值，m比x 少一，所以x减一(即最后一个数删去)，保持维度一样、
plot(x,y,x(1:end-1),m,x(1:end-2),m2);
xlabel('x','FontSize',18);
ylabel('y','FontSize',18);
legend('f(x)=x^3',"f'(x)","f''(x)");
set(gca,'FontSize',18);

数值的积分

Basic quadrature rules 基本正交规则
Midpoint rule(zeroth-order approximation) 中点规则（零阶近似）
Trapezoid rule(first-order approximation) 梯形法则（一阶近似）

Midpoint rule(zeroth-order approximation) 中点规则（零阶近似）

h = 0.05; x = 0:h:2;
midpoint = (x(1:end-1)+x(2:end))./2;
y = 4*midpoint.^3; % y是矩形的高
s = sum(h.*y)

:::success
s =15.9950
:::

h = 0.0005; x = 0:h:2;
midpoint = (x(1:end-1)+x(2:end))./2;
y = 4*midpoint.^3; % y是矩形的高
s = sum(h.*y)

:::success
s =16.0000
:::

Trapezoid rule(first-order approximation) 梯形法则（一阶近似）

h = 0.05;
x = 0:h:2;
y = 4*x.^3;
s  = trapz(y)*h

:::success
s = 16.0100
:::
trapz(y) —> $\frac{f\left(x_1\right)+f\left(x_2\right)}{2}$

h = 0.001;  x = 0:h:2;   y = 4*x.^3;
trapezoid = (y(1:end-1)+y(2:end))/2;
s = h*sum(trapezoid)

辛普森积分（simpson）(二阶逼近)

${\int }_a^{b}f(x)dx\approx \frac{b-a}{6n}\left[y_0+y_{2n}+4\left(y_1+y_3+\cdots +y_{2n-1}\right)+2\left(y_2+y_4+\cdots +y_{2n-2}\right)\right]$

h = 0.05; x = 0:h:2; y = 4*x.^3;
n2 = 2/0.05;  n = n2/2;
s = 2/(6*n) * (y(1)+y(end)+4*sum(y(2:2:end-1))+2*sum(y(3:2:end-2)))

:::success
s = 16
:::

h = 0.05; x = 0:h:2; y = 4*x.^3;
s = h/3*(y(1)+2*sum(y(3:2:end-2))+...
4*sum(y(2:2:end))+y(end))

matlab中数组小标从1开始
4sum(y(2:2:end)) 与 4sum(y(2:2:end-1)) 它只能到第（end-1）个数，所以两个相同
h/3 == (b-a)/(6*n)

3

function handle(@) 函数指针

一个函数的输入参数应该是另一个函数的指针@，而不能是这个函数本身

function [y] = xy_plot(input,x)
% xy_plot receives the handle of a function
% and plots that function of x 
y = input(x);  plot(x,y,'r--'); 
xlabel('x');  ylabel('function(x)');
end

subplot(1,3,1);  xy_plot(@sin,0:0.01:2*pi);
subplot(1,3,2);  xy_plot(@cos,0:0.01:2*pi);
subplot(1,3,3);  xy_plot(@exp,0:0.01:2*pi);

数值积分 numercial intergration

一重积分 integral

${\int }_0^2\frac{1}{x^3-2x-5}dx$

y = @ (x) 1./(x.^3-2*x-5);   
integral(y,0,2)

y是function handle

:::success
y=-0.4605
:::

二重积分 integral2

f = @ (x,y) y.*sin(x)+x.*cos(x); % f是function handle
integral2(f,pi,2*pi,0,pi)

:::success
ans = -3.5864
:::

三重积分 integral3

$f(x,y)={\int }_{-1}^1{\int }_0^1{\int }_0^{\pi }(y\cdot \sin (x)+z\cdot \cos (y))dxdydz$

f = @(x,y,z) y.*sin(x)+z.*cos(y);
integral3(f,0,pi,0,1,-1,1)

:::success
ans = 2.0000
:::
integral2与integral3的积分上下限的参数是从里到外
q = integral3(fun,xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax,zmin,zmax)

chapter 10课件

10Integration_&_Differentiation.pdf

方程式求根

解析解（symbolic root）符号化的根

syms x (宣告 x 是 symbolic variable)

syms x
x + x + x
y=(x+x+x)/4

x=sym(‘x’) ; sym 宣告x是symbolic variable

x = sym('x');
x+x+x
y = (x+x+x)/4;

solve 函数求解

equation 默认等式右边 = 0

syms x
y = x*sin(x)-x;
solve(y,x);

syms x
solve(x*sin(x)-x,x);

solve(equation,x); equation 直接写等式，不需要 ‘’ 引号

syms x
%y = cos(x)^2-sin(x)^2;
y = cos(x)^2+sin(x)^2;
solve(y,x)

:::success
Empty sym: 0-by-1 无解
:::

解多个等式

syms x y
eq1 = x - 2*y -5;
eq2 = x + y -6;
root=solve(eq1,eq2,x,y);

:::danger
root.x = 17/3
root.y = 1/3
:::

a,b 代替数值，x与a,b之间关系

syms b x a 
root=solve(a*x^2-b);

%%结果：
root =
 b^(1/2)/a^(1/2)
-b^(1/2)/a^(1/2)

syms b x a 
root=solve(a*x^2-b,b);

%%结果：
root = 
a*x^2

:::success
在matlab2020b中，solve(equation)的equation不需要加 ‘’ 引号
:::

exercise

syms a b x y r
root = solve((x-a)^2+(y-b)^2-r^2);

%% 结果
root =
 
a + (b + r - y)^(1/2)*(r - b + y)^(1/2)
a - (b + r - y)^(1/2)*(r - b + y)^(1/2)

syms a b c d
A = [a,b;c,d];
inv(A)

%%结果
ans =
 
[ d/(a*d - b*c), -b/(a*d - b*c)]
[-c/(a*d - b*c),  a/(a*d - b*c)]

Symbolic Differentiation: diff() 符号的微分

syms x
y = 4*x^5;
yprime=diff(y);

%% 结果：
yprime = 20*x^4

f(x)的微分

$f(x)=\frac{e^{x^2}}{x^3-x+3},\frac{df}{dx}=?$

syms x
y = exp(x^2)/(x^3-x+3);
yprime = diff(y);

%% 结果：
yprime = (2*x*exp(x^2))/(x^3 - x + 3) - (exp(x^2)*(3*x^2 - 1))/(x^3 - x + 3)^2

对x,y求偏导

$g(x)=\frac{x^2+xy-1}{y^3+x+3},\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}=?,\frac{\partial f}{\partial y}=?$

syms x y
equation = (x^2+x*y-1)/(y^3+x+3);
xprime = diff(equation,x); % 对x求偏导
yprime = diff(equation,y); % 对y求偏导

:::success
xprime = (2x + y)/(y^3 + x + 3) - (x^2 + yx - 1)/(y^3 + x + 3)^2
yprime = x/(y^3 + x + 3) - (3y^2*(x2 + yx - 1))/(y^3 + x + 3)^2
:::

符号的积分 int()

subs(z,x,0); 替换，把x这个symbolic variable 用 0 替换， 即 Z(0)

subs(符号替换)

syms x;
y = x^2*exp(x);
z = int(y);

%% 结果： 
% z=exp(x)*(x^2 - 2*x + 2)   在0处的值不为0，不对
z = z - subs(z,x,0);   % 要使初值为0，应该减去上面结果在0处的值

%% 结果：
% z = exp(x)*(x^2 - 2*x + 2) - 2   % Z(0)=0

${\int }_0^{10}\frac{x^2-x+1}{x+3}dx$

syms x;  y = (x^2-x+1)/(x+3);
z = int(y,0,10); % 积分的上下限为 0，10
z = double(z);  % 将z 转化为 double 变量

%% 结果
z  = 29.0624

**用symbolic variable 形式的积分，int () , ** y = (x^2-x+1)/(x+3); 等式不用 element 的乘积，即是 * 和 /

z = int(y,0,10); % 积分的上下限为 0，10

y = @ (x) (x.^2-x+1)./(x+3);
root=integral(y,0,10);

也可以用函数指针做，@ ，（数值求积分，所以 y = @ (x) (x.^2-x+1)./(x+3); 是element 乘积 . 和 ./）*

非线性方程组的求解 fsolve

:::warning
initial guess = 0 ----> 从0开始求解f(x)==0 , 即迭代初值是0，解在0附近
等式最右边默认 == 0
:::

f = @(x) (1.2*x+0.3+x*sin(x));
froot=fsolve(f,0);

定义 root2d.m 函数

function f = root2d(x)
f(1) = 2*x(1) - x(2) - exp(-x(1));
f(2) = -x(1) + 2*x(2) - exp(-x(2));
end

:::warning
在命令行窗口： ** fsolve(@root2d,[-5,5] )**
结果：ans = 0.5671 0.5671
即 x1 = 0.5671 x2 = 0.5671
x1 --> x x2 --> y
:::
fsolve详解

fzero() 求解非线性函数的根（求零点）

零点的左右数值符号不同的，因此 y = x^2 用fzero()求解不了

f = @(x) x.^2;
fzero(f,0.1)

:::success
ans = NaN fzero求解失败
:::

f = @(x) x.^2;
fsolve(f,0.1)

:::success
ans = 0.0063
:::

f = @ (x) x.^2;
option = optimset('MaxIter',1e4,'TolFun',1e-10);
x1 = fsolve(f,0.1,option);

:::success
x1 = 1.9532e-04
:::

1e4 --> 迭代的次数，迭代次数越多，越精确
1e-10 --> 误差度

---

未完待续…