[凸包][覆盖所有圆]Convex hull POJ3405

There are M circles (0 ≤ M ≤ 100) on a plane. Some circles can have zero radius. The task is to calculate the area of minimum convex domain containing all the circles.

Input

The input contains the description of one test including:

• a line with value M;
• M lines; every line contains coordinates of the center and the radius for one circle. These are real numbers separated by spaces.

Output

The output contains a single line with the result given with accuracy 10-4.

Sample

Input	Output
4 0 0 1 0 4 1 4 4 1 4 0 1	35.1416

题意： 给出n个圆，求能包围住所有圆的最小凸包面积。

分析： 这道题是有正规解法的，但比较复杂，要考虑很多细节。下面说一个比较取巧的做法，首先n最大才100，另外要求的误差是1e-4以内，也不是太高的精度，那直接每个圆上等间距取10000个点，这样得到最多1e6个点的点集，对该点集求个凸包就行了，最后求凸包面积。总时间复杂度O(nlogn)，1e6的数据正好卡过。

具体代码如下： 

#include <iostream>
#include <cstdio>
#include <algorithm>
#include <cstring>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;
const double eps = 1e-8;
const double inf = 1e20;
const double pi = acos(-1.0);
const int maxp = 101000;
//`Compares a double to zero`
int sgn(double x)
{
	if(fabs(x) < eps)return 0;
	if(x < 0)return -1;
	else return 1;
}
//square of a double
inline double sqr(double x){return x*x;}

struct Point
{
	double x, y;
	Point(){}
	Point(double _x,double _y){x = _x, y = _y;}
	void input(){scanf("%lf%lf",&x,&y);}
	void output(){printf("%.2f %.2f\n",x,y);}
	bool operator == (Point b)const{return sgn(x-b.x) == 0 && sgn(y-b.y) == 0;}
	bool operator < (Point b)const{return sgn(x-b.x)== 0?sgn(y-b.y)<0:x<b.x;}
	Point operator -(const Point &b)const{return Point(x-b.x,y-b.y);}
	//叉积
	double operator ^(const Point &b)const{return x*b.y - y*b.x;}
	//点积
	double operator *(const Point &b)const{return x*b.x + y*b.y;}
	//返回长度
	double len(){return hypot(x,y);/*库函数*/}
	//返回长度的平方
	double len2(){return x*x + y*y;}
	//返回两点的距离
	double distance(Point p){return hypot(x-p.x,y-p.y);}
	Point operator +(const Point &b)const{return Point(x+b.x,y+b.y);}
	Point operator *(const double &k)const{return Point(x*k,y*k);}
	Point operator /(const double &k)const{return Point(x/k,y/k);}
}; 

struct Line
{
	Point s,e;
	Line(){}
	Line(Point _s,Point _e){s = _s, e = _e;}
	bool operator ==(Line v){return (s == v.s)&&(e == v.e);}
	//`根据一个点和倾斜角angle确定直线,0<=angle<pi`
	Line(Point p,double angle)
	{
		s = p;
		if(sgn(angle-pi/2) == 0){e = (s + Point(0,1));}
		else{e = (s + Point(1,tan(angle)));}
	}
	// 点在线段上的判断
	bool pointonseg(Point p){return sgn((p-s)^(e-s)) == 0 && sgn((p-s)*(p-e)) <= 0;}
};

struct polygon
{
	int n;
	Point p[maxp];
	Line l[maxp];
	void input(int _n){
		n = _n;
		for(int i = 0;i < n;i++)
			p[i].input();
	}
	void add(Point q){
		p[n++] = q;
	}
	void getline(){
		for(int i = 0;i < n;i++){
			l[i] = Line(p[i],p[(i+1)%n]);
		}
	}
	struct cmp{
		Point p;
		cmp(const Point &p0){p = p0;}
		bool operator()(const Point &aa,const Point &bb){
			Point a = aa, b = bb;
			int d = sgn((a-p)^(b-p));
			if(d == 0){
				return sgn(a.distance(p)-b.distance(p)) < 0;//极角相同，距离原点近的靠前 
			}
			return d > 0;
		}
	};
	//`进行极角排序`
	//`首先需要找到最左下角的点`
	//`需要重载号好Point的 < 操作符(min函数要用) `
	void norm(){
		Point mi = p[0];
		for(int i = 1;i < n;i++)mi = min(mi,p[i]);
		sort(p,p+n,cmp(mi));
	}
	//`得到凸包`
	//`得到的凸包里面的点编号是0$\sim$n-1的`
	//`两种凸包的方法`
	//`注意如果有影响，要特判下所有点共点，或者共线的特殊情况`
	//`测试 LightOJ1203  LightOJ1239`
	void getconvex(polygon &convex){
		sort(p,p+n);
		convex.n = n;
		for(int i = 0;i < min(n,2);i++){
			convex.p[i] = p[i];
		}
		if(convex.n == 2 && (convex.p[0] == convex.p[1]))convex.n--;//特判
		if(n <= 2)return;
		int &top = convex.n;
		top = 1;
		for(int i = 2;i < n;i++){
			while(top && sgn((convex.p[top]-p[i])^(convex.p[top-1]-p[i])) <= 0)
				top--;
			convex.p[++top] = p[i];
		}
		int temp = top;
		convex.p[++top] = p[n-2];
		for(int i = n-3;i >= 0;i--){
			while(top != temp && sgn((convex.p[top]-p[i])^(convex.p[top-1]-p[i])) <= 0)
				top--;
			convex.p[++top] = p[i];
		}
		if(convex.n == 2 && (convex.p[0] == convex.p[1]))convex.n--;//特判
		convex.norm();//`原来得到的是顺时针的点，排序后逆时针`
	}
	//`得到凸包的另外一种方法`
	//`测试 LightOJ1203  LightOJ1239`
	//如果要保留所有共线点需要极角排序后最后一条边上的点逆序处理且出栈条件去掉等号
	//更改一下最后一条边的排序顺序 
	//	int k;
	//	for(k = a.n-1; k >= 0; k--)
	//		if(sgn((a.p[k]-a.p[0])^(a.p[k-1]-a.p[0])) != 0)
	//			break; 
	//	reverse(a.p+k, a.p+a.n); 
	void Graham(polygon &convex){
		norm();
		int &top = convex.n;
		top = 0;
		if(n == 1){
			top = 1;
			convex.p[0] = p[0];
			return;
		}
		if(n == 2){
			top = 2;
			convex.p[0] = p[0];
			convex.p[1] = p[1];
			if(convex.p[0] == convex.p[1])top--;
			return;
		}
		convex.p[0] = p[0];
		convex.p[1] = p[1];
		top = 2;
		for(int i = 2;i < n;i++){
			while( top > 1 && sgn((convex.p[top-1]-convex.p[top-2])^(p[i]-convex.p[top-2])) <= 0 )
				top--;
			convex.p[top++] = p[i];
		}
		if(convex.n == 2 && (convex.p[0] == convex.p[1]))convex.n--;//特判
	}
	//`判断是不是凸的`
	bool isconvex(){
		bool s[3];
		memset(s,false,sizeof(s));
		for(int i = 0;i < n;i++){
			int j = (i+1)%n;
			int k = (j+1)%n;
			s[sgn((p[j]-p[i])^(p[k]-p[i]))+1] = true;
			if(s[0] && s[2])return false;
		}
		return true;
	}
	//`得到周长`，点要相邻 
	//`测试 LightOJ1239`
	double getcircumference(){
		double sum = 0;
		for(int i = 0;i < n;i++)
			sum += p[i].distance(p[(i+1)%n]);
		return sum;
	}
	//`得到面积`，点要相邻 
	double getarea()
	{
		double sum = 0;
		for(int i = 0;i < n;i++)
			sum += (p[i]^p[(i+1)%n]);
		return fabs(sum)/2;
	}
	//`判断点和任意多边形的关系`
	//` 3 点上`
	//` 2 边上`
	//` 1 内部`
	//` 0 外部`
	int relationpoint(Point q){
		for(int i = 0;i < n;i++){
			if(p[i] == q)return 3;
		}
		getline();
		for(int i = 0;i < n;i++){
			if(l[i].pointonseg(q))return 2;
		}
		int cnt = 0;
		for(int i = 0;i < n;i++){//图形学上的内外测试 
			int j = (i+1)%n;
			int k = sgn((q-p[j])^(p[i]-p[j]));//向右侧引一条射线 
			int u = sgn(p[i].y-q.y);
			int v = sgn(p[j].y-q.y);
			if(k > 0 && u < 0 && v >= 0)cnt++;//向量两点y值小的被截断一部分 
			if(k < 0 && v < 0 && u >= 0)cnt--;
		}
		return cnt != 0;
	}
};

int n;
polygon a, con;

signed main()
{
	cin >> n;
	for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
	{
		double x, y, r;
		scanf("%lf%lf%lf", &x, &y, &r);
		double theta = 2*pi/10000;
		for(int j = 0; j < 10000; j++)
			a.add(Point(x+r*cos(j*theta), y+r*sin(j*theta)));
	}
	a.Graham(con);
	printf("%.10f\n", con.getarea());
	return 0;
}