目录
1 The Development of Instrumental Music
2 Pinyon Pines and Pinyon Jays
3 The Rise of Classic Maya Civilization
TPO58
1 The Development of Instrumental Music
【1】
[3]修辞目的题
举例说明的作用
修辞目的题做题技巧：找观点！不能推理！一般找例子前的观点！
precision and uniformity = accuracy and systematization
[9]句子插入题
分析插入句的时候，不能仅仅关注一个点：ancient instruments，还有关注后面的关键部分：shawm【芦笛; 肖姆双簧管; 肖姆管; 双簧管类的肖姆管; 肖姆;】——>oboe【双簧管】
refined=improved～became
[10]小结题
【A】原文定位：P1 lacked extramusical meaning like a mathematical equitation equation and geometrical formula
【B】与文章第一题对应 P1最后一句话 ✅
【C】P2 第一句+段落大意 ✅
【D】 P4段落大意+P5 第一二句 ✅
P4
sonata 奏鸣曲
suite 组曲(由三个或更多相关部分组成)
concerto 协奏曲
P5
【E】⬆️baroque era 巴洛克时期
【F】wrote 450 concertos 但是未提及超过其他类型的作品
2 Pinyon Pines and Pinyon Jays
pinyon pines
pinyon jays 矮松鸦
Pinyon Pines and Pinyon Jays 矮松和矮松鸦
Organisms of different species frequently evolve adaptations that make them utterly完全地 and specifically dependent on each other for resources. For example, many trees must have mycorrhizal菌根 fungi真菌 living in their root systems, fungi that are indispensable to the tree because they facilitate mineral uptake吸收 from the soil. In turn, the fungi rely on the trees to photosynthesize光合作用; they use some of the tree’s chemical food as their only energy source. Such intimate relationships are examples of coevolution through which two species become so interdependent that they can thrive only in each other’s presence. 这种亲密的关系是共同进化的一个例子，通过这种进化，两个物种变得如此相互依存，以至于它们只能在彼此的存在下成长。
puzzle——>At first glance, the relationship between pinyon pine trees and the pinyon jay does not appear to be one of coevolution. Pinyon pines produce cones松果 and seeds that attract seed predators, especially the pinyon jay. A seed, of course, contains an embryonic plant胚芽植物for the next generation. Why sacrifice it to an animal? Some plants have poisonous seeds, an obvious adaptation to reduce loss to animals. Pinyons, however, have an array of characteristics that combine to encourage jays to visit the pines and help themselves to the seeds. 然而，矮松具有一系列特征，这些特征结合到一起促使矮松鸦到访且获取矮松种子。Cones are positioned upward and outward on the tree, so the seeds inside are in plain sight of 一览无余 the jays松鸦, essentially inviting them to partake参与;吃;喝；享用. Pinyon seeds are unusually large, and each seed is high in energy. The seed coat is thin, meaning that birds such as pinyon jays can not only ingest the seeds but also digest them. In many plants, an indigestible seed coat permits the seed to pass unharmed through the bird’s alimentary system. 在许多植物中，无法消化的种子皮使种子不受伤害地通过鸟类的消化系统。Pinyon seed coats differ in color between edible可食用的 and nonviable不可食用的 seeds, signaling the jays as to which they should select. 暗示松鸦该选什么品种的种子。
Attracting seed predators would not seem to be a successful survival strategy for pinyon pines. However, pinyon jays are behaviorally adapted to bury any seeds in excess of their immediate survival needs. 矮松鸦在行为生倾向以掩埋超出其眼下生存需求的任何种子。This is a useful behavior for the jays, providing they can retrieve取回 some of the buried seeds during winter, and good for the trees, as the unretrieved seeds are ready to germinate发芽. Still, for the jays to bury any seeds, there must be an abundance of seeds far beyond the jays’ immediate needs. One tree could never produce so many seeds, but if all the pinyons in a region produced heavy seed crops at once, they would indeed “flood the market” with vastly more pinyon seeds than the local population of jays could consume. In fact, that is exactly what the pinyon pines do. 一颗树永远不可能产生那么多的种子，但是如果一个地区的所有松树都能同时生产出大量的种子，那么它们的“松树市场”确实比当地松鸦的消费量要多得多。实际上，那正是矮松所做的。
It requires a great deal of energy to make so many seeds, so much energy that it is unlikely that a pinyon population could produce such a bumper丰盛的 seed crop every year. More important, however, it would be to the severe disadvantage of不利 the trees to produce large seed crops annually, even if they could. Doing so would make the resource not only abundant but also predictable. Seed predators could, over the years, steadily build their populations, eventually increasing so much that they could, indeed, consume virtually all of the seeds. 几年下来，种子掠食者可以稳定地增长数量，最终增长多到可以消耗掉几乎所有种子。It is much more adaptive for the plants to produce seed cornucopias intermittently.植物间歇性产生大量种子对植物来说更合适。Doing so has several major advantages. First, energy can be stored for some years and then devoted to cone and seed production, ensuring adequate energy to produce a large seed crop. 首先，能量可以存储几年，然后专门用于松果和种子生产，从而确保有足够的能量来生产大量的种子。Second, seed-predator populations will decline in years of low seed production, either through starvation, reduced reproduction, or emigration. 第二，在种子产量低的年份，由于饥饿，繁殖减少或迁移，种子掠食者的数量将下降。Pinyons in most areas have a roughly six-year interval between heavy seed crops. 在大多数地区，矮松每间隔大约六年产生大量种子。
Pinyon jays have so completely adapted to the cycle of the pinyons that their reproduction is tied to it. Most species of birds mature sexually in response to 随着changes in day length. In pinyon jays, however, day length is only one stimulus for reproduction繁殖. The other cue is availability of pinyon seeds. When seeds are abundant, jays can breed very early in spring, continue breeding through summer, and reenter重新进入 breeding condition as early as the winter solstice冬至. 当种子丰富时，松鸦可以在早春繁殖，直到夏季继续繁殖，并且最早在冬季时重新进入繁殖条件。So the jay population temporarily enlarges in response to one of the intermittent间歇性large crops of pinyon seeds. But the increase in the population of jays is less than the increase in the size of the seed crop. Thus many of the seeds of a bumper crop are buried and subsequently germinate, many more than would germinate without planting by the jays. 因此，许多种子被掩埋并随后发芽，这笔没有松鸦参与燕麦的种子发芽的数量要多得多。
[4]否定事实信息题
C描述的是many plants而不是特指的pinyon pine
[5]修辞目的题
段落在全篇的作用
做题技巧：优先处理本段段意，再处理其他段段意/全文中心思想，通常段落都是为中心思想服务的，要么支持中心思想，要么是中心思想的反例。
【P3主旨句】Pinyon jays are behaviorally adapted to bury any seeds in excess of their immediate survival needs.
第8题也考察了修辞目的：段落的作用
[10]小结题
F 强行升华
3 The Rise of Classic Maya Civilization
[6] 事实信息题
确定答案的时候，过于求快，并没有完全理解清楚文章大意，主题句1st ：attribute the growth of the ceremonial centers to trade
WR...
Critics...
[10] 小结题
汇总
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