Python `wordcloud` 库完整教程

下面是完整的 wordcloud 教程，每段代码都能独立运行，涵盖基础、进阶和实战应用。

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Python wordcloud 库完整教程

1. 介绍与安装

1.1 wordcloud 库简介

wordcloud 是一个 Python 库，用于生成词云（Word Cloud），适用于文本分析和数据可视化。

1.2 wordcloud 能做什么？

• 可视化文本中高频词汇
• 支持不同形状、颜色和风格
• 结合 matplotlib、PIL 进行美化

1.3 安装 wordcloud 库

pip install wordcloud matplotlib numpy pillow jieba pandas

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2. 生成基础词云

2.1 创建简单的词云

from wordcloud import WordCloud
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

text = "Python WordCloud Example Generate Word Cloud Text Visualization"
wordcloud = WordCloud(width=800, height=400, background_color="white").generate(text)

plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5))
plt.imshow(wordcloud, interpolation="bilinear")
plt.axis("off")
plt.show()

输出：一张白色背景的词云，单词 Python、WordCloud 等按频率大小显示。

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2.2 读取文本数据并生成词云

from wordcloud import WordCloud
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

with open("sample.txt", "r", encoding="utf-8") as file:
    text = file.read()

wordcloud = WordCloud(width=800, height=400, background_color="white").generate(text)

plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5))
plt.imshow(wordcloud, interpolation="bilinear")
plt.axis("off")
plt.show()

输出：从 sample.txt 读取文本，生成词云。

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2.3 解决中文乱码问题

from wordcloud import WordCloud
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

text = "中文 词云 示例 生成 可视化 词云 词云"

wordcloud = WordCloud(font_path="simhei.ttf", width=800, height=400, background_color="white").generate(text)

plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5))
plt.imshow(wordcloud, interpolation="bilinear")
plt.axis("off")
plt.show()

输出：使用 simhei.ttf（黑体）防止中文乱码。

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3. 自定义词云样式

3.1 设置背景颜色与配色

from wordcloud import WordCloud
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

text = "Python Data Science Visualization AI Machine Learning"

wordcloud = WordCloud(width=800, height=400, background_color="black", colormap="cool").generate(text)

plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5))
plt.imshow(wordcloud, interpolation="bilinear")
plt.axis("off")
plt.show()

输出：黑色背景，cool 颜色映射。

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3.2 控制字体大小与间距

from wordcloud import WordCloud
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

text = "Python WordCloud Example Visualization Font Size"

wordcloud = WordCloud(font_path="simhei.ttf", width=800, height=400, max_font_size=100, min_font_size=10).generate(text)

plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5))
plt.imshow(wordcloud, interpolation="bilinear")
plt.axis("off")
plt.show()

输出：控制字体大小，突出高频词。

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4. 形状与遮罩（Mask）

4.1 自定义形状的词云

import numpy as np
from PIL import Image
from wordcloud import WordCloud
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

mask = np.array(Image.open("cloud_shape.png"))

text = "Python Data Science Visualization AI Machine Learning"

wordcloud = WordCloud(mask=mask, background_color="white").generate(text)

plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5))
plt.imshow(wordcloud, interpolation="bilinear")
plt.axis("off")
plt.show()

输出：词云形状匹配 cloud_shape.png。

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5. 处理文本数据

5.1 过滤停用词

from wordcloud import WordCloud
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

text = "词云 可视化 示例 词云 生成 代码 Python"

stopwords = {"词云", "示例"}  # 停用词

wordcloud = WordCloud(stopwords=stopwords, font_path="simhei.ttf", width=800, height=400).generate(text)

plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5))
plt.imshow(wordcloud, interpolation="bilinear")
plt.axis("off")
plt.show()

输出：移除 "词云" 和 "示例"。

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5.2 词频统计与自定义权重

from wordcloud import WordCloud
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

word_freq = {"Python": 50, "数据分析": 40, "机器学习": 30, "AI": 25}

wordcloud = WordCloud(font_path="simhei.ttf", width=800, height=400).generate_from_frequencies(word_freq)

plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5))
plt.imshow(wordcloud, interpolation="bilinear")
plt.axis("off")
plt.show()

输出：词云大小根据 word_freq 设定，Python 最大。

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6. 进阶技巧

6.1 图片颜色匹配

import numpy as np
from PIL import Image
from wordcloud import WordCloud, ImageColorGenerator
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

mask = np.array(Image.open("cloud_shape.png"))
image_colors = ImageColorGenerator(mask)

text = "Python Data Science Visualization AI Machine Learning"

wordcloud = WordCloud(mask=mask, background_color="white").generate(text)

plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5))
plt.imshow(wordcloud.recolor(color_func=image_colors), interpolation="bilinear")
plt.axis("off")
plt.show()

输出：词云颜色匹配 cloud_shape.png。

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7. 实战案例

7.1 新闻数据词云

import jieba
from wordcloud import WordCloud
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

text = open("news.txt", encoding="utf-8").read()
text = " ".join(jieba.cut(text))

wordcloud = WordCloud(font_path="simhei.ttf", width=800, height=400).generate(text)

plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5))
plt.imshow(wordcloud, interpolation="bilinear")
plt.axis("off")
plt.show()

输出：对新闻文本分词后生成词云。

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7.2 处理社交媒体数据（微博/推特）

import pandas as pd
from wordcloud import WordCloud
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

df = pd.read_csv("tweets.csv")
text = " ".join(df["content"].dropna())

wordcloud = WordCloud(font_path="simhei.ttf", width=800, height=400).generate(text)

plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5))
plt.imshow(wordcloud, interpolation="bilinear")
plt.axis("off")
plt.show()

输出：读取 tweets.csv 生成词云。

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7.3 从 Excel/CSV 读取数据生成词云

import pandas as pd
from wordcloud import WordCloud
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

df = pd.read_csv("data.csv")
text = " ".join(df["keywords"].dropna())

wordcloud = WordCloud(font_path="simhei.ttf", width=800, height=400).generate(text)

plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5))
plt.imshow(wordcloud, interpolation="bilinear")
plt.axis("off")
plt.show()

输出：读取 data.csv 提取关键词生成词云。

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这份教程包含完整的可运行代码，你可以直接复制运行。如果有任何问题或需要额外的功能，欢迎交流！