jupyter逻辑回归练习

数据集

ex2data1

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ex2data2

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jupyter添加数据集

1 Logistic回归

在该部分练习中，将建立一个逻辑回归模型，用以预测学生能否被大学录取。

假设你是大学某个部门的负责人，你要根据两次考试的结果来决定每个申请人的入学机会。目前已经有了以往申请者的历史数据，并且可以用作逻辑回归的训练集。对于每行数据，都包含对应申请者的两次考试分数和最终的录取结果。

在本次练习中，你需要建立一个分类模型，根据这两次的考试分数来预测申请者的录取结果。

1.1 数据可视化

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

path = 'ex2data1.txt'
data = pd.read_csv(path, header=None, names=['Exam 1', 'Exam 2', 'Admitted'])
data.head()
positive = data[data['Admitted'].isin([1])]
negative = data[data['Admitted'].isin([0])]
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(12,8))
ax.scatter(positive['Exam 1'], positive['Exam 2'], s=50, c='b', marker='o', label='Admitted')
ax.scatter(negative['Exam 1'], negative['Exam 2'], s=50, c='r', marker='x', label='Not Admitted')
ax.legend()
ax.set_xlabel('Exam 1 Score')
ax.set_ylabel('Exam 2 Score')
plt.show()

1.2 实现Logistic回归

1.2.1 Sigmoid函数

逻辑回归假设的定义是：

其中 g 代表一个常用的逻辑函数为S形函数（Sigmoid function），公式为：

合起来，我们得到逻辑回归模型的假设函数：

def sigmoid(z):
    return 1 / (1 + np.exp(-z))

nums = np.arange(-10, 10, step=1)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(12,8))
ax.plot(nums, sigmoid(nums), 'r')
plt.show()

1.2.2 代价函数

逻辑回归的代价函数：

def cost(theta,X,y):
    theta = np.matrix(theta)
    X = np.matrix(X)
    y = np.matrix(y)
    first = np.multiply(-y,np.log(sigmoid(X* theta.T)))
    second = np.multiply((1-y),np.log(1-sigmoid(X*theta.T)))
    return np.sum(first-second)/(len(X))

data.insert(0, 'Ones', 1)
# 定义X为训练数据，y为目的变量
cols = data.shape[1]
X = data.iloc[:,0:cols-1]
y = data.iloc[:,cols-1:cols]
# 将X,y转换为numpy数组，并初始化theta值为0
X = np.array(X.values)
y = np.array(y.values)
theta = np.zeros(3)
cost(theta, X, y)

1.2.3 梯度下降

批量梯度下降转化为向量化计算：

def gradient(theta, X, y):
    theta = np.matrix(theta)
    X = np.matrix(X)
    y = np.matrix(y)
    parameters = int(theta.ravel().shape[1])
    grad = np.zeros(parameters)
    error = sigmoid(X * theta.T) - y
    for i in range(parameters):
        term = np.multiply(error, X[:,i])
        grad[i] = np.sum(term) / len(X)
    return grad

gradient(theta, X, y)

1.2.4 寻找最优参数

#最优参数
import scipy.optimize as opt
result = opt.fmin_tnc(func=cost, x0=theta, fprime=gradient, args=(X, y))
result
#在这个结论下代价函数的值
cost(result[0], X, y)

最优参数：

在这个结论下代价函数的值：

1.2.5 评估逻辑回归

逻辑回归的假设函数：

当ℎ𝜃大于等于0.5时，预测 y=1

当ℎ𝜃小于0.5时，预测 y=0

def predict(theta, X):
    probability = sigmoid(X * theta.T)
    return [1 if x >= 0.5 else 0 for x in probability]

theta_min = np.matrix(result[0])
predict(theta_min, X)

准确性：

predictions = predict(theta_min, X)
correct = [1 if ((a == 1 and b == 1) or (a == 0 and b == 0)) else 0 for (a, b) in zip(predictions, y)]
accuracy = (sum(map(int, correct)) % len(correct))
print ('accuracy = {0}%'.format(accuracy))

2 正则化逻辑回归

在本部分练习中，我们将要通过加入正则项提升逻辑回归算法。

正则化是成本函数中的一个术语，它使算法更倾向于“更简单”的模型。这个理论助于减少过拟合，提高模型的泛化能力。

设想你是工厂的生产主管，你有一些芯片在两次测试中的测试结果。对于这两次测试，你想决定芯片是要被接受或抛弃。为了帮助你做出艰难的决定，你拥有过去芯片的测试数据集，从其中你可以构建一个逻辑回归模型。

2.1 数据可视化

path =  'ex2data2.txt'
data2 = pd.read_csv(path, header=None, names=['Test 1', 'Test 2', 'Accepted'])
data2.head()

positive = data2[data2['Accepted'].isin([1])]
negative = data2[data2['Accepted'].isin([0])]
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(12,8))
ax.scatter(positive['Test 1'], positive['Test 2'], s=50, c='b', marker='o', label='Accepted')
ax.scatter(negative['Test 1'], negative['Test 2'], s=50, c='r', marker='x', label='Rejected')
ax.legend()
ax.set_xlabel('Test 1 Score')
ax.set_ylabel('Test 2 Score')
plt.show()

2.2 特征映射

一种能够更好地拟合数据的方法是构造从原始特征的多项式中得到的特征，即特征映射。如下图所示，作为这种映射的结果，我们的两个特征向量𝑥1,𝑥2（两次质量保证测试的分数）已经被转换成了28维的向量。

在这个高维特征向量上训练的逻辑回归分类器将具有更复杂的决策边界，并在二维图中绘制时呈现非线性的划分曲线。

# 设定映射深度
degree = 5
# 分别取两次测试的分数
x1 = data2['Test 1']
x2 = data2['Test 2']
# 设定计算方式进行映射
for i in range(1, degree):
    for j in range(0, i):
        data2['F' + str(i) + str(j)] = np.power(x1, i-j) * np.power(x2, j)
# 整理数据列
data2.drop('Test 1', axis=1, inplace=True)
data2.drop('Test 2', axis=1, inplace=True)
print("特征映射后具有特征维数：%d" %data2.shape[1])
data2.head()

2.3 代价函数和梯度

2.3.1 代价函数

正则化逻辑回归的代价函数如下：
其中𝜆是“学习率”参数，其值会影响函数中的正则项值。且不应该正则化参数𝜃0。

def costReg(theta, X, y, learningRate):
    theta = np.matrix(theta)
    X = np.matrix(X)
    y = np.matrix(y)
    first = np.multiply(-y, np.log(sigmoid(X * theta.T)))
    second = np.multiply((1 - y), np.log(1 - sigmoid(X * theta.T)))
    reg = (learningRate / (2 * len(X))) * np.sum(np.power(theta[:,1:theta.shape[1]], 2))
    return np.sum(first - second) / len(X) + reg

2.3.2 正则化梯度函数

因为在代价函数的计算中我们未对𝜃0进行正则化，所以梯度下降算法将分为两种情况：

对上面的算法中 j=1,2,…,n 时的更新式子进行调整可得：

def gradientReg(theta, X, y, learningRate):
    theta = np.matrix(theta)
    X = np.matrix(X)
    y = np.matrix(y)
    parameters = int(theta.ravel().shape[1])
    grad = np.zeros(parameters)
    error = sigmoid(X * theta.T) - y
    for i in range(parameters):
        term = np.multiply(error, X[:,i])
        if (i == 0):
            grad[i] = np.sum(term) / len(X)
        else:
            grad[i] = (np.sum(term) / len(X)) + ((learningRate / len(X)) * theta[:,i])
    return grad

2.3.3 测试函数

变量初始化：

# 从数据集中取得对应的特征列和标签列
cols = data2.shape[1]
X2 = data2.iloc[:,1:cols]
y2 = data2.iloc[:,0:1]

# 转换为Numpy数组并初始化theta为零矩阵
X2 = np.array(X2.values)
y2 = np.array(y2.values)
theta2 = np.zeros(11)

# 设置初始学习率为1，后续可以修改
learningRate = 1

测试代价函数：

costReg(theta2, X2, y2, learningRate)

测试梯度函数：

gradientReg(theta2, X2, y2, learningRate)

2.4 寻找最优参数

result2 = opt.fmin_tnc(func=costReg, x0=theta2, fprime=gradientReg, args=(X2, y2, learningRate))
result2

2.5 评估正则化逻辑回归

theta_min = np.matrix(result2[0])
predictions = predict(theta_min, X2)
correct = [1 if ((a == 1 and b == 1) or (a == 0 and b == 0)) else 0 for (a, b) in zip(predictions, y2)]
accuracy = (sum(map(int, correct)) % len(correct))
print ('accuracy = {0}%'.format(accuracy))