目录
习题6-2 推导公式(6.40)和公式(6.41)中的梯度.
习题6-3 当使用公式(6.50)作为循环神经网络的状态更新公式时, 分析其可能存在梯度爆炸的原因并给出解决方法.
习题6-2P 设计简单RNN模型,分别用Numpy、Pytorch实现反向传播算子,并代入数值测试.代码
习题6-1P 推导RNN反向传播算法BPTT.
习题6-2 推导公式(6.40)和公式(6.41)中的梯度.
习题6-3 当使用公式(6.50)作为循环神经网络的状态更新公式时, 分析其可能存在梯度爆炸的原因并给出解决方法.
令为在第k时刻函数
的输入,在计算公式
时,梯度可能会过大,从而导致梯度爆炸问题。
可以通过引入门控机制来控制信息的累积速度,包括有选择性地加入新的信息,并有选择地遗忘之前累积的信息,以此解决梯度爆炸的问题。
习题6-2P 设计简单RNN模型,分别用Numpy、Pytorch实现反向传播算子,并代入数值测试.
激活函数性质:
代码参考:L5W1作业1 手把手实现循环神经网络-CSDN博客
代码实现
import torch
import numpy as np
class RNNCell:
def __init__(self, weight_ih, weight_hh,
bias_ih, bias_hh):
self.weight_ih = weight_ih
self.weight_hh = weight_hh
self.bias_ih = bias_ih
self.bias_hh = bias_hh
self.x_stack = []
self.dx_list = []
self.dw_ih_stack = []
self.dw_hh_stack = []
self.db_ih_stack = []
self.db_hh_stack = []
self.prev_hidden_stack = []
self.next_hidden_stack = []
# temporary cache
self.prev_dh = None
def __call__(self, x, prev_hidden):
self.x_stack.append(x)
next_h = np.tanh(
np.dot(x, self.weight_ih.T)
+ np.dot(prev_hidden, self.weight_hh.T)
+ self.bias_ih + self.bias_hh)
self.prev_hidden_stack.append(prev_hidden)
self.next_hidden_stack.append(next_h)
# clean cache
self.prev_dh = np.zeros(next_h.shape)
return next_h
def backward(self, dh):
x = self.x_stack.pop()
prev_hidden = self.prev_hidden_stack.pop()
next_hidden = self.next_hidden_stack.pop()
d_tanh = (dh + self.prev_dh) * (1 - next_hidden ** 2)
self.prev_dh = np.dot(d_tanh, self.weight_hh)
dx = np.dot(d_tanh, self.weight_ih)
self.dx_list.insert(0, dx)
dw_ih = np.dot(d_tanh.T, x)
self.dw_ih_stack.append(dw_ih)
dw_hh = np.dot(d_tanh.T, prev_hidden)
self.dw_hh_stack.append(dw_hh)
self.db_ih_stack.append(d_tanh)
self.db_hh_stack.append(d_tanh)
return self.dx_list
if __name__ == '__main__':
np.random.seed(123)
torch.random.manual_seed(123)
np.set_printoptions(precision=6, suppress=True)
rnn_PyTorch = torch.nn.RNN(4, 5).double()
rnn_numpy = RNNCell(rnn_PyTorch.all_weights[0][0].data.numpy(),
rnn_PyTorch.all_weights[0][1].data.numpy(),
rnn_PyTorch.all_weights[0][2].data.numpy(),
rnn_PyTorch.all_weights[0][3].data.numpy())
nums = 3
x3_numpy = np.random.random((nums, 3, 4))
x3_tensor = torch.tensor(x3_numpy, requires_grad=True)
h3_numpy = np.random.random((1, 3, 5))
h3_tensor = torch.tensor(h3_numpy, requires_grad=True)
dh_numpy = np.random.random((nums, 3, 5))
dh_tensor = torch.tensor(dh_numpy, requires_grad=True)
h3_tensor = rnn_PyTorch(x3_tensor, h3_tensor)
h_numpy_list = []
h_numpy = h3_numpy[0]
for i in range(nums):
h_numpy = rnn_numpy(x3_numpy[i], h_numpy)
h_numpy_list.append(h_numpy)
h3_tensor[0].backward(dh_tensor)
for i in reversed(range(nums)):
rnn_numpy.backward(dh_numpy[i])
print("numpy_hidden :\n", np.array(h_numpy_list))
print("torch_hidden :\n", h3_tensor[0].data.numpy())
print("-----------------------------------------------")
print("dx_numpy :\n", np.array(rnn_numpy.dx_list))
print("dx_torch :\n", x3_tensor.grad.data.numpy())
print("------------------------------------------------")
print("dw_ih_numpy :\n",
np.sum(rnn_numpy.dw_ih_stack, axis=0))
print("dw_ih_torch :\n",
rnn_PyTorch.all_weights[0][0].grad.data.numpy())
print("------------------------------------------------")
print("dw_hh_numpy :\n",
np.sum(rnn_numpy.dw_hh_stack, axis=0))
print("dw_hh_torch :\n",
rnn_PyTorch.all_weights[0][1].grad.data.numpy())
print("------------------------------------------------")
print("db_ih_numpy :\n",
np.sum(rnn_numpy.db_ih_stack, axis=(0, 1)))
print("db_ih_torch :\n",
rnn_PyTorch.all_weights[0][2].grad.data.numpy())
print("-----------------------------------------------")
print("db_hh_numpy :\n",
np.sum(rnn_numpy.db_hh_stack, axis=(0, 1)))
print("db_hh_torch :\n",
rnn_PyTorch.all_weights[0][3].grad.data.numpy())
实验结果:
总结:RNN反向传播算法BPTT的推导,感觉和上学期BP神经网络有一定的联系,在上学期手推的基础上,又在课上听了一遍以后推导BPTT,所以这次推导就比较就简单。然后代码的实现参考了以前学长的代码进行了改变,写完后对简单RNN模型的理解也更加深入了。
【23-24 秋学期】NNDL 作业10 BPTT-CSDN博客