科研人必看——matplotlib绘图详细指南

1. 创建画布和轴对象

plt.subplots()

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

fig, ax = plt.subplots()

plt.figure()

创建图像的方法还有一种

plt.figure()

创建一个简单的折线图：

plt.figure()
plt.plot([1, 2, 3, 4], [10, 20, 25, 30])

plt.figure() 中的详细参数

plt.figure() 中有以下参数

figure(num=None, figsize=None, dpi=None, facecolor=None, edgecolor=None, frameon=True)

num:图像编号或名称，数字为编号 ，字符串为名称；

figsize:指定figure的宽和高，单位为英寸；

dpi：参数指定绘图对象的分辨率，即每英寸多少个像素，缺省值为80 1英寸等于2.5cm,A4纸是 21*30cm的纸张

facecolor:背景颜色

edgecolor:边框颜色

frameon:是否显示边框

figsize

指定figure的宽和高，单位为英寸；

plt.figure(figsize=(10,6))
plt.plot([1, 2, 3, 4], [10, 20, 25, 30])

plt.figure(figsize=(10,8))
plt.plot([1, 2, 3, 4], [10, 20, 25, 30])

dpi

参数指定绘图对象的分辨率，即每英寸多少个像素，缺省值为80 1英寸等于2.5cm,A4纸是 21*30cm的纸张

plt.figure(figsize=(10,6),dpi=100)
plt.plot([1, 2, 3, 4], [10, 20, 25, 30])
plt.figure(figsize=(10,8),dpi=300)
plt.plot([1, 2, 3, 4], [10, 20, 25, 30])

facecolor

:背景颜色

plt.figure(figsize=(10,6),facecolor='red')
plt.plot([1, 2, 3, 4], [10, 20, 25, 30])

plt.figure(figsize=(10,8),facecolor='green')
plt.plot([1, 2, 3, 4], [10, 20, 25, 30])

matplotlib中的线型一揽表

名义线型

linestyle_str = [
     ('solid', 'solid'),      # Same as (0, ()) or '-'
     ('dotted', 'dotted'),    # Same as (0, (1, 1)) or '.'
     ('dashed', 'dashed'),    # Same as '--'
     ('dashdot', 'dashdot')]  # Same as '-.'

参数线型

linestyle_tuple = [
    ('loosely dotted',        (0, (1, 10))),
    ('dotted',                (0, (1, 1))),
    ('densely dotted',        (0, (1, 1))),

    ('loosely dashed',        (0, (5, 10))),
    ('dashed',                (0, (5, 5))),
    ('densely dashed',        (0, (5, 1))),

    ('loosely dashdotted',    (0, (3, 10, 1, 10))),
    ('dashdotted',            (0, (3, 5, 1, 5))),
    ('densely dashdotted',    (0, (3, 1, 1, 1))),

    ('dashdotdotted',         (0, (3, 5, 1, 5, 1, 5))),
    ('loosely dashdotdotted', (0, (3, 10, 1, 10, 1, 10))),
    ('densely dashdotdotted', (0, (3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)))]

线型可视化

https://blog.csdn.net/Strive_For_Future/article/details/118755312

Marker一览表

'.'       point marker
','       pixel marker
'o'       circle marker
'v'       triangle_down marker
'^'       triangle_up marker
'<'       triangle_left marker
'>'       triangle_right marker
'1'       tri_down marker
'2'       tri_up marker
'3'       tri_left marker
'4'       tri_right marker
's'       square marker
'p'       pentagon marker
'*'       star marker
'h'       hexagon1 marker
'H'       hexagon2 marker
'+'       plus marker
'x'       x marker
'D'       diamond marker
'd'       thin_diamond marker
'|'       vline marker
'_'       hline marker

无填充形状可视化

有填充形状可视化

自定义形状可视化

https://matplotlib.org/stable/gallery/lines_bars_and_markers/marker_reference.html

颜色表

cnames = {
'aliceblue':            '#F0F8FF',
'antiquewhite':         '#FAEBD7',
'aqua':                 '#00FFFF',
'aquamarine':           '#7FFFD4',
'azure':                '#F0FFFF',
'beige':                '#F5F5DC',
'bisque':               '#FFE4C4',
'black':                '#000000',
'blanchedalmond':       '#FFEBCD',
'blue':                 '#0000FF',
'blueviolet':           '#8A2BE2',
'brown':                '#A52A2A',
'burlywood':            '#DEB887',
'cadetblue':            '#5F9EA0',
'chartreuse':           '#7FFF00',
'chocolate':            '#D2691E',
'coral':                '#FF7F50',
'cornflowerblue':       '#6495ED',
'cornsilk':             '#FFF8DC',
'crimson':              '#DC143C',
'cyan':                 '#00FFFF',
'darkblue':             '#00008B',
'darkcyan':             '#008B8B',
'darkgoldenrod':        '#B8860B',
'darkgray':             '#A9A9A9',
'darkgreen':            '#006400',
'darkkhaki':            '#BDB76B',
'darkmagenta':          '#8B008B',
'darkolivegreen':       '#556B2F',
'darkorange':           '#FF8C00',
'darkorchid':           '#9932CC',
'darkred':              '#8B0000',
'darksalmon':           '#E9967A',
'darkseagreen':         '#8FBC8F',
'darkslateblue':        '#483D8B',
'darkslategray':        '#2F4F4F',
'darkturquoise':        '#00CED1',
'darkviolet':           '#9400D3',
'deeppink':             '#FF1493',
'deepskyblue':          '#00BFFF',
'dimgray':              '#696969',
'dodgerblue':           '#1E90FF',
'firebrick':            '#B22222',
'floralwhite':          '#FFFAF0',
'forestgreen':          '#228B22',
'fuchsia':              '#FF00FF',
'gainsboro':            '#DCDCDC',
'ghostwhite':           '#F8F8FF',
'gold':                 '#FFD700',
'goldenrod':            '#DAA520',
'gray':                 '#808080',
'green':                '#008000',
'greenyellow':          '#ADFF2F',
'honeydew':             '#F0FFF0',
'hotpink':              '#FF69B4',
'indianred':            '#CD5C5C',
'indigo':               '#4B0082',
'ivory':                '#FFFFF0',
'khaki':                '#F0E68C',
'lavender':             '#E6E6FA',
'lavenderblush':        '#FFF0F5',
'lawngreen':            '#7CFC00',
'lemonchiffon':         '#FFFACD',
'lightblue':            '#ADD8E6',
'lightcoral':           '#F08080',
'lightcyan':            '#E0FFFF',
'lightgoldenrodyellow': '#FAFAD2',
'lightgreen':           '#90EE90',
'lightgray':            '#D3D3D3',
'lightpink':            '#FFB6C1',
'lightsalmon':          '#FFA07A',
'lightseagreen':        '#20B2AA',
'lightskyblue':         '#87CEFA',
'lightslategray':       '#778899',
'lightsteelblue':       '#B0C4DE',
'lightyellow':          '#FFFFE0',
'lime':                 '#00FF00',
'limegreen':            '#32CD32',
'linen':                '#FAF0E6',
'magenta':              '#FF00FF',
'maroon':               '#800000',
'mediumaquamarine':     '#66CDAA',
'mediumblue':           '#0000CD',
'mediumorchid':         '#BA55D3',
'mediumpurple':         '#9370DB',
'mediumseagreen':       '#3CB371',
'mediumslateblue':      '#7B68EE',
'mediumspringgreen':    '#00FA9A',
'mediumturquoise':      '#48D1CC',
'mediumvioletred':      '#C71585',
'midnightblue':         '#191970',
'mintcream':            '#F5FFFA',
'mistyrose':            '#FFE4E1',
'moccasin':             '#FFE4B5',
'navajowhite':          '#FFDEAD',
'navy':                 '#000080',
'oldlace':              '#FDF5E6',
'olive':                '#808000',
'olivedrab':            '#6B8E23',
'orange':               '#FFA500',
'orangered':            '#FF4500',
'orchid':               '#DA70D6',
'palegoldenrod':        '#EEE8AA',
'palegreen':            '#98FB98',
'paleturquoise':        '#AFEEEE',
'palevioletred':        '#DB7093',
'papayawhip':           '#FFEFD5',
'peachpuff':            '#FFDAB9',
'peru':                 '#CD853F',
'pink':                 '#FFC0CB',
'plum':                 '#DDA0DD',
'powderblue':           '#B0E0E6',
'purple':               '#800080',
'red':                  '#FF0000',
'rosybrown':            '#BC8F8F',
'royalblue':            '#4169E1',
'saddlebrown':          '#8B4513',
'salmon':               '#FA8072',
'sandybrown':           '#FAA460',
'seagreen':             '#2E8B57',
'seashell':             '#FFF5EE',
'sienna':               '#A0522D',
'silver':               '#C0C0C0',
'skyblue':              '#87CEEB',
'slateblue':            '#6A5ACD',
'slategray':            '#708090',
'snow':                 '#FFFAFA',
'springgreen':          '#00FF7F',
'steelblue':            '#4682B4',
'tan':                  '#D2B48C',
'teal':                 '#008080',
'thistle':              '#D8BFD8',
'tomato':               '#FF6347',
'turquoise':            '#40E0D0',
'violet':               '#EE82EE',
'wheat':                '#F5DEB3',
'white':                '#FFFFFF',
'whitesmoke':           '#F5F5F5',
'yellow':               '#FFFF00',
'yellowgreen':          '#9ACD32'}

颜色可视化

2. 绘制基本图形

以绘制折线图为例：

x = [1, 2, 3, 4]
y = [10, 20, 25, 30]
ax.plot(x, y)
plt.show()

未完待续。。。持续更新ing