OFDM循环前缀+同步技术+信道估计 参考链接+论文解析

为何要添加CP

OFDM专题之子载波间干扰问题（一）-CSDN博客

IDFT之后的时域信号添加上循环前缀，会等于各个子载波在时域上添加循环前缀吗？

OFDM循环前缀及其作用（矩阵视角解释）

http://t.csdnimg.cn/zRdB1

OFDM Matlab 仿真实现（加CP（循环前缀）与基于CP的CFO（频偏）估计）_ofdm如何实现循环前缀-CSDN博客

OFDM学习笔记（五）（同步技术）_ofdm的同步技术-CSDN博客

CFO, Phase Error, and SFO

1. Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) - The center frequency of the transmitter will not perfectly match the center frequency of the receiver. Unless corrected, this will de-orthogonalize the OFDM subcarriers and cause inter-carrier interference (ICI). CFO is typically corrected in the time domain via multiplication with a digital carrier whose frequency negates the CFO estimate. This example uses a technique that compares two sequential preamble training symbols to estimate the CFO [4].
2. Phase Error - Even after CFO is corrected in the time domain, there is typically a residual phase error component that must be corrected in the frequency domain and tracked over time. OFDM systems employ multiple pilot subcarriers to enable this correction system. All data subcarriers in each OFDM symbol are phase-rotated to match any residual rotation observed in the known pilots.
3. Sampling Frequency Offset (SFO) - The temporal duration of a sample is slightly different at the receiver and transmitter due to different sampling clocks. Over the course of a reception, the relative sample periods will drift apart from one another. This manifests as larger phase error for the outer subcarriers [5]. Each data subcarrier in each OFDM symbol is phase-rotated differently according to its subcarrier index.

OFDM Channel Estimation · Wireless Lab IIT-M (varun19299.github.io)

 CFO

This example uses a technique that compares two sequential preamble training symbols to estimate the CFO [4]. 

【该论文就是Robust Frequency and Timing Synchronization for OFDM】 

IEEE Xplore Full-Text PDF:  

 对论文简要解读

首先文章定义使用了两个短训练序列，每一个都在频域上表现为PN伪随机序列

要减少同步开销：The ratio of the number of overhead bits for synchronization to the number of message bits must be kept to a minimum, and low-complexity algorithms are needed.

1. 本来要使用偶载波承载PN序列，奇载波为0，这样得到的时域信号为半周期重复，但改用使用窗口为1/2 N的IFFT：The two halves of the training symbol are made identical (in time order) by transmitting a pseudonoise (PN) sequence on the even frequencies, while zeros are used on the odd frequencies.
2. Note that an equivalent method of generating this training symbol is to use an IFFT of half the normal size to generate the time domain samples. The repetition is not generated using the IFFT, so instead of just using the even frequencies, a PN sequence would be transmitted on all of the subcarriers to generate the time domain samples which are half a symbol in duration. These time-domain samples are repeated (and properly scaled) to form the first training symbol.
3. 这里是根据DFT的原理：

   

4. The second training symbol contains a PN sequence on the odd frequencies to measure these subchannels, and another PN sequence on the even frequencies to help determine frequency offset.
5. 下图为PN序列举例

 

 

 载波频率偏移估计

Carrier Frequency Offset Estimation Algorithm

疑问：上述的P(d)不是多个采样点的叠加吗 

采用了两个training symbol 

导频 信道估计

基于块状导频的信道估计

       基于块状导频的信道估计不需要进行频域内插，大大降低了运算量。另外，由于所有子载波上都包含有导频信号，它对信道频率选择性不敏感。因此这种信道估计方法适用于慢衰落信道。在导频数量相同的情况下，其性能由信道变化速度即相干时间决定。

 

基于梳状导频的信道估计

        对导频子信道而言，导频信号在时间上是连续的，因此这种信道探测方式对信道的变化速度适应性较好，可应用于信道变化较快的场合。但是对OFDM系统而言，导频子信道在频域上是离散的，由导频信号只能得到导频子信道的传输函数。而对于信息子信道上的传输函数，只能通过插值方式取得。为了能够通过导频子信道上的传输函数得到其它子信道上的传输函数，导频间的间隔应该小于信道的相关带宽。信道的多径时延决定了信道的相关带宽。 

 

SFO

The CFO, attributable to the frequency mismatch between TX and RX, maintains a consistent value across all subcarriers. Conversely, SFO results from discrepancies in the sampling clock, creating a linear relationship with the subcarrier index.