EE213 - Lab 1

Lab1: Introduction to MATLAB

Creating vectors

x = [3 4 7 11] % create a row vector(spaces)

• if the statement does not end with a semicolon, the results will be printed on the Command Window.
• If the statement ends with a semicolon, the results will NOT be printed on the Command Window. Two ways to view the results
  • Type the name of the variable in the Command Window.
  • Double-click on the name of the variable on the Workspace.
• x = 3:10;
• x = 3:2:21;
• x = 8:-1:0
• x = linspace(0, 1, 21) % creates 21 points equally spaced between 0 and 1
• x = 0:0.05:1
• length(x) % returns the number of entries in vector x
• x(3) % return the 3rd element of x. Note that Matlab labels the array(vector and matrices) beginning with 1
• Create a vector of even whole numbers between 31 and 75.

  x = 32:2:75
  

• Let x = [2 5 1 6];
  • Add 16 to each element

    a = x + 16;
    

  • Compute the sum of all elements in x

    b = sum(x);
    

  • Compute the square root of each element

    c = sqrt(x);
    or
    c = x .^ (0.5);
    

  • Compute the square of each element

    c = x .^ 2;
    or
    c = x .* 2;
    

• Element-wise operations: “.*”, “./”, “.^”. Let x = [3 2 6 8]; and y = [4 1 3 5]';(i.e, x and y should be column vectors). Compare the following operations.
  • x' * y and y' * x
  • x .* y
  • x * y
  • x .^ y
• Create a vector x with the elements
  $$x_n=\frac{(-1{)}^{n+1}}{2n-1},n=1,2,...,100$$
  and calculate the sum of all elements in x

  n = 1:100;
  x = ((-1) .^ (n + 1)) ./ (2 * n - 1); % note the use of .^ and ./
  y = sum(x);
  

• We can use a for loop to do the task but it is not efficient.

Plotting Continuous Signals

• MATLAB is dedicated to discrete signals. In order to work with a continuous signal, we need to generate enough samples over the interval of interest.
• Plot the exponential signal $x(t)=2e^{-2t}$over the interval $t\in [-1,1]$.
• Plot another expoenential signal $x(t)=2e^{-4t}$over the interval $t\in [-1,1]$ on the same figure.
• Plot the sinusoid
  $$x_1(t)=\cos (2\pi f_{c}t)$$
  where $f_c=4000$ Hz for two periods, i.e. $t\in [-T_c,T_C]$ and where $T_c$ is the fundamental period

  fc = 4000; % frequency
  Tc = 1 / fc; % the fundamental period
  t = linspace(-Tc, Tc, 200); % 200 times instants from -Tc to Tc
  x1 = cos(2 * pi * fc * t);
  plot(t, x1, 'LineWidth', 2);
  

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• Plot another sinusoid given by
  $$x_2(t)=1.2\cos (2\pi f_c(t-t_0))$$
  where $f_c=4000$ Hz and $t_0=T/4$ for $t\in [-T_c,T_c]$, Note that $x_2(t)$ is an amplitude-scaled and time-shifted version of $x(t)$ in the previous slide.

  fc = 4000;
  Tc = 1 / fc;
  t0 = Tc / 4;
  t = linspace(-Tc, Tc, 200);
  x2 = 1.2 * cos(2 * pi * fc * (t - t0));
  plot(t, x2, 'LineWidth', 2);
  

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• Plot the sum: $x_3(t)=x_1(t)+x_2(t)$

  x3 = x1 + x2
  

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• It is better to plot $x1,x2,x3$ in the same figure.
  Use the subplot command. Type help subplot in Matlab to know the details.

  subplot(3, 1, 1);
  plot(t, x1, 'LineWidth', 2);
  xlabel('Time (second)');
  ylabel('x1')
  subplot(3, 1, 2);
  plot(t, x2, 'LineWidth', 2);
  xlabel('Time (second)');
  ylabel('x2');
  subplot(3, 1, 3);
  plot(t, x3, 'LineWidth', 2);
  xlabel('Time (second)');
  ylabel('x3');
  

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Task 1

• Plot the discrete sinusoid
  $$x[n]=\cos (\frac{1}{6}\pi n)$$
  for $n=0,1,2,...,20$ and conclude the period of the signal. Verify your observation by theoretical analysis(cf. Lecture 2).

  $$T=\frac{2\pi }{\frac{1}{6}\pi }=12$$

  n = 0:20;
  x = cos(1 / 6 * pi * n);
  plot(n, x, 'LineWidth', 2);
  

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• Plot the discrete sinusoid
  $$x[n]=\cos (2n)$$
  to show that this signal is not periodic. Explain the reason.

  We can observe from the figure that this discrete signal is not periodic.
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Task 2

Plot the discrete signal
$$\cos (\frac{1}{6}\pi n)+\cos (\frac{1}{3}\pi n)$$
and conclude the period of the signal.

We can observe that the period of the signal is 12
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Task 3

Let $f_0=20$ Hz and $T_0=\frac{1}{f_0}$. Compute and plot the following signal
$$x(t)=\sum _{n=-N}^N{a}_n{e}^{j2\pi n{f}_{0}t}$$
where $N=5$ and $a_n$ is given by
$$a_n=\{\begin{array}{ll}0& neven\\ -\frac{j}{2n}& nodd\end{array}$$
for $t\in [0,2T_0]$

f0 = 20;
T0 = 1 / f0;
N = 5;

t = linspace(0, 2 * T0, 2000);
x = 0;
for n = -N:N
    if mod(n, 2) == 0
        an = 0;
    else
        an = -1i / (2 * n);
    end
    x = x + an * exp(1i * 2 * pi * n * f0 * t);
end

plot(t, x, 'LineWidth', 2);

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Task 4

Let $f_1=20$ Hz and $T_1=\frac{1}{f_1}$. Compute and plot the following signal
$$f(t)=\frac{8A}{{\pi }^2}[\sin ({\omega }_{1}t)-\frac{1}{9}\sin (3{\omega }_{1}t)+\frac{1}{25}\sin (5{\omega }_{1}t)-...+\frac{(-1{)}^{\frac{k-1}{2}}}{k^2}\sin (k{\omega }_{1}t)+...]$$
where $k$ is odd, $A$ is a constant, $k=5$, and $t\in [0,2T_1]$

f1 = 20;
T1 = 1 / f1;
w1 = 2 * pi / T1;
A = 1;

t = linspace(0, 2 * T1, 2000);
f = 0;
for k = 1:2:5
    f = f + 8 * A / (pi ^ 2) * (-1) ^ ((k - 1) / 2) / (k ^ 2) * sin(k * w1 * t);
end
plot(t, f, 'LineWidth', 2);

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Task 5

Increase the value of $N$ in Task $3$ to $N=10$ and $N=50$ and $N=100$. Give your comments on the results signal.

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Increase the value of $k$ in Task $3$ to $k=11$ and $k=51$ and $k=101$. Give your comments on the results signal.

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