在完成对C语言的学习后，我最近开始了对C++和Java的学习，目前跟着视频学习了一些语法，也跟着敲了一些代码，有了一定的掌握程度。现在将跟着视频做的笔记进行整理。本篇博客是整理Java知识点的第二十九篇博客。
本篇博客介绍了Java的多线程安全问题和生产者消费者模式。
本系列博客所有Java代码都使用IntelliJ IDEA编译运行，版本为2022.1。所用JDK版本为JDK11。
目录
多线程的安全问题
卖票案例
要求模拟很简单的卖票案例，共有100张票，有三个窗口卖票。
public class BuyTicket implements Runnable{
private int tickets = 100;
public void run() {
while (true) {
if (tickets > 0) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " is selling the" + (101 - tickets) + " ticket");
tickets -= 1;
try {
Thread.sleep(100);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
} else {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " don't have any ticket left");
try {
Thread.sleep(100);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
}
}
}
}BuyTicket类的成员变量tickets的值是100。run方法中设计了死循环，如果还有票就卖出票并输出卖票信息，卖完了就提示没有余票了。为了便于控制，因此采取让线程暂停的方法，避免输出的频率过快。因为是死循环，因此在没有余票后会手动停掉程序。
public class BuyTickettest {
public static void main(String[] args){
BuyTicket bt = new BuyTicket();
Thread t1 = new Thread(bt,"A");
Thread t2 = new Thread(bt,"B");
Thread t3 = new Thread(bt,"C");
t1.start();
t2.start();
t3.start();
}
}BuyTickettest类创建了三个对象，分别表示A B C窗口，并启动多线程。
下面是即将卖玩票以及刚卖完票后的部分结果：
Thread[A,5,main] is selling the94 ticket
Thread[C,5,main] is selling the94 ticket
Thread[B,5,main] is selling the94 ticket
Thread[C,5,main] is selling the97 ticket
Thread[A,5,main] is selling the97 ticket
Thread[B,5,main] is selling the97 ticket
Thread[A,5,main] is selling the100 ticket
Thread[B,5,main] is selling the100 ticket
Thread[C,5,main] is selling the100 ticket
Thread[B,5,main] don't have any ticket left
Thread[A,5,main] don't have any ticket left
Thread[C,5,main] don't have any ticket left
Thread[C,5,main] don't have any ticket left
Thread[B,5,main] don't have any ticket left
Thread[A,5,main] don't have any ticket left
但是数据和现实不符，不可能三个窗口卖的票数编号一样，然后再同时将票数减三。这是程序的随机性导致的一些问题。
同步代码块
多线程程序出现数据安全问题的原因是：多线程环境，有共享数据，有多条语句操作共享数据。解决多线程安全问题要让程序没有安全问题。
解决方式是把多条语句操作共享数据的代码给锁起来，任意时刻只能有一个线程执行。
Java提供了同步代码块的方式解决。格式是：
synchronized(任意对象){
多条语句操作共享数据的代码
}
synchronized(任意对象)相当于给代码加锁，任意对象可以看作一把锁。
同步代码块解决了多线程的数据安全问题，但是当线程很多时，每个线程都判断同步上的锁，很耗费资源，降低程序运行效率。
public class BuyTicket implements Runnable{
private int tickets = 100;
private Object obj = new Object();
public void run() {
while (true) {
synchronized(obj) {
if (tickets > 0) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " is selling the" + (101 - tickets) + " ticket");
tickets -= 1;
try {
Thread.sleep(100);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
} else {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " don't have any ticket left");
try {
Thread.sleep(100);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
}
}
}
}
}这段代码改进了上面的程序，加入了同步代码锁。执行的类代码见上文。
下面是即将卖完票以及刚卖完票后的部分结果：
Thread[C,5,main] is selling the90 ticket
Thread[B,5,main] is selling the91 ticket
Thread[B,5,main] is selling the92 ticket
Thread[C,5,main] is selling the93 ticket
Thread[C,5,main] is selling the94 ticket
Thread[C,5,main] is selling the95 ticket
Thread[C,5,main] is selling the96 ticket
Thread[C,5,main] is selling the97 ticket
Thread[A,5,main] is selling the98 ticket
Thread[A,5,main] is selling the99 ticket
Thread[A,5,main] is selling the100 ticket
Thread[A,5,main] don't have any ticket left
Thread[A,5,main] don't have any ticket left
Thread[A,5,main] don't have any ticket left
现在票数是从1递增到100，这符合现实逻辑。
同步方法解决数据安全问题
同步方法就是把synchronized关键字加到方法上。格式是：
修饰符 synchronized 返回值类型 方法名 (方法参数){...}
同步方法的锁对象是this。
同步静态方法是把synchronized关键字加到静态方法上。格式是：
修饰符 static synchronized 返回值类型 方法名(方法参数){...}
同步静态方法的锁对象是类名.class。
public class BuyTicket implements Runnable{
private int tickets = 100;
private Object obj = new Object();
public void run() {
while (true) {
synchronized(this) {
if(tickets > 0){
sellTicket();
} else {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " don't have any ticket left");
try {
Thread.sleep(100);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
}
}
}
}
public synchronized void sellTicket(){
if (tickets > 0) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " is selling the" + (101 - tickets) + " ticket");
tickets -= 1;
try {
Thread.sleep(100);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
}
}
}程序将剩余票数大于0时卖票的操作移到了SellTicket方法中，并且将其置为同步方法。执行此代码的类见上文。
下面是即将卖完票以及刚卖完票后的部分结果：
Thread[C,5,main] is selling the90 ticket
Thread[C,5,main] is selling the91 ticket
Thread[C,5,main] is selling the92 ticket
Thread[C,5,main] is selling the93 ticket
Thread[C,5,main] is selling the94 ticket
Thread[C,5,main] is selling the95 ticket
Thread[C,5,main] is selling the96 ticket
Thread[A,5,main] is selling the97 ticket
Thread[A,5,main] is selling the98 ticket
Thread[A,5,main] is selling the99 ticket
Thread[A,5,main] is selling the100 ticket
Thread[A,5,main] don't have any ticket left
Thread[C,5,main] don't have any ticket left
Thread[C,5,main] don't have any ticket left
Thread[C,5,main] don't have any ticket left
Thread[B,5,main] don't have any ticket left
现在票数是从1递增到100，这符合现实逻辑。
public class BuyTicket implements Runnable{
private static int tickets = 100;
private Object obj = new Object();
public void run() {
while (true) {
synchronized(BuyTicket.class) {
if(tickets > 0){
sellTicket();
} else {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " don't have any ticket left");
try {
Thread.sleep(100);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
}
}
}
}
public static synchronized void sellTicket(){
if (tickets > 0) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " is selling the" + (101 - tickets) + " ticket");
tickets -= 1;
try {
Thread.sleep(100);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
}
}
}这段代码将tickets成员变量设为静态变量。程序将剩余票数大于0时卖票的操作移到了SellTicket静态方法中，并且将其置为同步静态方法。执行此代码的类见上文。
下面是即将卖完票以及刚卖完票后的部分结果：
Thread[A,5,main] is selling the90 ticket
Thread[C,5,main] is selling the91 ticket
Thread[B,5,main] is selling the92 ticket
Thread[B,5,main] is selling the93 ticket
Thread[C,5,main] is selling the94 ticket
Thread[A,5,main] is selling the95 ticket
Thread[A,5,main] is selling the96 ticket
Thread[C,5,main] is selling the97 ticket
Thread[B,5,main] is selling the98 ticket
Thread[C,5,main] is selling the99 ticket
Thread[A,5,main] is selling the100 ticket
Thread[A,5,main] don't have any ticket left
Thread[C,5,main] don't have any ticket left
Thread[C,5,main] don't have any ticket left
Thread[B,5,main] don't have any ticket left
Thread[C,5,main] don't have any ticket left
现在票数是从1递增到100，这符合现实逻辑。
线程安全的类
StringBuffer是线程安全，可变的字符序列。从JDK5开始被StringBuilder替代。通常使用StringBuilder，因为这个更快。
Vector改进了List接口，它是被同步的，如果不需要线程安全，通常使用ArrayList。
Hashtable实现了一个哈希表，该类实现Map接口，且被同步。如果不需要线程安全，就使用HashMap。
Lock锁
同步代码块以及同步方法设置了锁，但是我们没有直接看到在哪里加上了锁，在哪里释放了锁。为了更清晰的表达如何加锁和释放锁，JDK5后提供了一个新的锁对象Lock。
Lock实现提供比使用synchronized方法和语句可以获得更广泛的锁定操作。
Lock类提供了获得锁和释放锁的方法：
void lock()获得锁。
void unlock()释放锁。
Lock类不能直接实例化，这里采用它的实现类ReentrantLock来实例化。
ReentrantLock()创建一个ReentrantLock的实例。
使用ReentrantLock需要导包，import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
public class BuyTicket implements Runnable{
private int tickets = 100;
private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
public void run() {
while (true) {
lock.lock();
if (tickets > 0) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " is selling the" + (101 - tickets) + " ticket");
tickets -= 1;
try {
Thread.sleep(100);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
} else {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread() + " don't have any ticket left");
try {
Thread.sleep(100);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
}
lock.unlock();
}
}
}程序在开始执行卖票的语句前获得锁，在执行完卖票的语句后释放锁。执行此代码的类见上文。
下面是即将卖完票以及刚卖完票后的部分结果：
Thread[B,5,main] is selling the90 ticket
Thread[B,5,main] is selling the91 ticket
Thread[B,5,main] is selling the92 ticket
Thread[B,5,main] is selling the93 ticket
Thread[B,5,main] is selling the94 ticket
Thread[B,5,main] is selling the95 ticket
Thread[B,5,main] is selling the96 ticket
Thread[B,5,main] is selling the97 ticket
Thread[C,5,main] is selling the98 ticket
Thread[C,5,main] is selling the99 ticket
Thread[C,5,main] is selling the100 ticket
Thread[C,5,main] don't have any ticket left
Thread[C,5,main] don't have any ticket left
Thread[C,5,main] don't have any ticket left
Thread[C,5,main] don't have any ticket left
现在票数是从1递增到100，这符合现实逻辑。
生产者消费者模式
生产者消费者模式概述
生产者消费者模式是一个经典的多线程协作的模式。
此类问题一般包含两类线程，一类是生产者线程用于生产数据，一类是消费者线程用于消费数据。
为了解耦生产者和消费者的关系，通常采用共享的数据区域。生产者生产数据后直接放置在共享数据区中，不关心消费者的行为。消费者只需要从共享数据区中获取数据，不需要关心生产者的行为。
为了体现生产和消费的等待和唤醒，Java提供了几个方法。 这几个方法在Object类中。
void wait()导致当前的线程等待，直到另一个线程调用该对象的notify方法或notifyAll方法。
void notify()唤醒正在等待对象监视器的单个线程。
void notifyAll()唤醒正在等待对象监视器的所有线程。
生产者消费者模式案例
下面以送牛奶和取牛奶为例。
public class milkbox {
private int number;
private boolean flag = false;
public synchronized void put(int number){
if(flag == true){
try {
wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
}
this.number = number;
System.out.println("There is putting " + number + " milk");
flag = true;
notifyAll();
}
public synchronized void get(){
if(flag == false){
try {
wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
}
System.out.println("There is getting " + number + " milk");
flag = false;
notifyAll();
}
}milkbox是奶箱类。成员变量number的值代表奶的数目，flag用于标记。put方法用于送奶，接受一个参数表示送入奶的数量，如果flag为true就进入等待状态，否则将number的值设置为参数的值，然后输出相关信息，将flag置为true，随后唤醒其他线程。get方法用于取奶，无参数，如果flag是false就进入等待状态，否则输出相关信息，将flag置为false，随后唤醒其他线程。
public class producer implements Runnable{
milkbox mb;
public producer(){}
public producer(milkbox mb){
this.mb = mb;
}
public void run(){
int i;
for(i = 1;i <= 5;i += 1){
mb.put(i);
}
}
}producer类是生产者，有一个milkbox类对象mb。run方法采用循环，依次将1至5作为mb的put方法的参数。
public class customer implements Runnable{
milkbox mb;
public customer(){}
public customer(milkbox mb){
this.mb = mb;
}
public void run(){
while(true){
mb.get();
}
}
}customer类是消费者，有一个milkbox类对象mb，run方法采用死循环，不断执行mb的get方法。
public class milktest {
public static void main(String[] args){
milkbox mb = new milkbox();
producer p = new producer(mb);
customer c = new customer(mb);
Thread t1 = new Thread(p);
Thread t2 = new Thread(c);
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}这是相关测试代码。
程序的输出是：
There is putting 1 milk
There is getting 1 milk
There is putting 2 milk
There is getting 2 milk
There is putting 3 milk
There is getting 3 milk
There is putting 4 milk
There is getting 4 milk
There is putting 5 milk
There is getting 5 milk
输出完这些内容后程序不输出任何内容，将其手动结束。
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