docker容器网络

大大怪&小小怪

已于 2022-09-24 21:24:19 修改

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分类专栏： Docker 文章标签： docker 网络容器

于 2022-08-10 10:14:57 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/m0_72915775/article/details/126261053

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docker容器网络

Docker在安装后自动提供3种网络，可以使用docker network ls命令查看

[root@localhost ~]# docker network ls
NETWORK ID     NAME      DRIVER    SCOPE
76b59d025d3d   bridge    bridge    local
0a53ca864095   host      host      local
bfb59638e2ce   none      null      local

Docker使用Linux桥接，在宿主机虚拟一个Docker容器网桥(docker0)，Docker启动一个容器时会根据Docker网桥的网段分配给容器一个IP地址，称为Container-IP，同时Docker网桥是每个容器的默认网关。因为在同一宿主机内的容器都接入同一个网桥，这样容器之间就能够通过容器的Container-IP直接通信。

docker的4种网络模式

网络模式	配置	说明
host	–network host	容器和宿主机共享Network namespace
container	–network container:NAME_OR_ID	容器和另外一个容器共享Network namespace
none	–network none	容器有独立的Network namespace，但并没有对其进行任何网络设置，如分配veth pair 和网桥连接，配置IP等
bridge	–network bridge	默认模式

Linux内核实现名称空间的创建

ip netns命令

可以借助ip netns命令来完成对 Network Namespace 的各种操作。ip netns命令来自于iproute安装包，一般系统会默认安装，如果没有的话，请自行安装。

查看命令帮助信息

[root@localhost ~]# ip netns help
Usage:  ip netns list
        ip netns add NAME
        ip netns attach NAME PID
        ip netns set NAME NETNSID
        ip [-all] netns delete [NAME]
        ip netns identify [PID]
        ip netns pids NAME
        ip [-all] netns exec [NAME] cmd ...
        ip netns monitor
        ip netns list-id [target-nsid POSITIVE-INT] [nsid POSITIVE-INT]
NETNSID := auto | POSITIVE-INT

创建Network Namespace

通过命令创建一个名为ns0的命名空间：

[root@localhost ~]# ip netns list
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns add ns0
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns list
ns0
//新创建的 Network Namespace 会出现在/var/run/netns/目录下
[root@localhost ~]# ls /var/run/netns/
ns0

对于每个 Network Namespace 来说，它会有自己独立的网卡、路由表、ARP 表、iptables 等和网络相关的资源。

操作Network Namespace

ip命令提供了ip netns exec子命令可以在对应的 Network Namespace 中执行命令。

查看新创建 Network Namespace 的网卡信息

[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns0 ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK> mtu 65536 qdisc noop state DOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00

//网卡处于关闭状态
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns0 ping 127.0.0.1
connect: Network is unreachable

//命令启用lo回环网卡
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns0 ip link set lo up
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns0 ping 127.0.0.1
PING 127.0.0.1 (127.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.038 ms
64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.020 ms
^C
--- 127.0.0.1 ping statistics ---
2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 1036ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.020/0.029/0.038/0.009 ms

转移设备

我们可以在不同的 Network Namespace 之间转移设备（如veth）。由于一个设备只能属于一个 Network Namespace ，所以转移后在这个 Network Namespace 内就看不到这个设备了。

其中，veth设备属于可转移设备，而很多其它设备（如lo、vxlan、ppp、bridge等）是不可以转移的。

veth pair

veth pair 全称是 Virtual Ethernet Pair，是一个成对的端口，所有从这对端口一端进入的数据包都将从另一端出来，反之也是一样。
引入veth pair是为了在不同的 Network Namespace 直接进行通信，利用它可以直接将两个 Network Namespace 连接起来。

创建veth pair

[root@localhost ~]# ip link add type veth
[root@localhost ~]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:63:98:e5 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.205.144/24 brd 192.168.205.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute ens33
       valid_lft 1236sec preferred_lft 1236sec
    inet6 fe80::9e26:e42:e48e:6000/64 scope link noprefixroute 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: docker0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN group default 
    link/ether 02:42:dd:10:56:50 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 172.17.0.1/16 brd 172.17.255.255 scope global docker0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
4: veth0@veth1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,M-DOWN> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 46:c6:20:d5:3a:aa brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
5: veth1@veth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,M-DOWN> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 0e:dd:74:57:f4:83 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

可以看到，此时系统中新增了一对veth pair，将veth0和veth1两个虚拟网卡连接了起来，此时这对 veth pair 处于”未启用“状态。

实现Network Namespace间通信

下面我们利用veth pair实现两个不同的 Network Namespace 之间的通信。刚才我们已经创建了一个名为ns0的 Network Namespace，下面再创建一个信息Network Namespace，命名为ns1

//创建一个信息Network Namespace，命名为ns1
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns add ns1
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns list
ns1
ns0
    
//将veth0加入到ns0，将veth1加入到ns1
[root@localhost ~]# ip link set veth0 netns ns0
[root@localhost ~]# ip link set veth1 netns ns1

//分别为这对veth pair配置上ip地址，并启用
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns0 ip link set veth0 up
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns1 ip link set veth1 up
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns1 ip link set lo up
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns0 ip addr add 10.0.0.1/24 dev veth0
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns1 ip addr add 10.0.0.2/24 dev veth1

//查看这对veth pair的状态
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns0 ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
4: veth0@if5: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 46:c6:20:d5:3a:aa brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netns ns1
    inet 10.0.0.1/24 scope global veth0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::44c6:20ff:fed5:3aaa/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
        
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns1 ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
7: veth1@if6: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether e6:d4:72:43:78:07 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netns ns0
    inet 10.0.0.2/24 scope global veth1
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::e4d4:72ff:fe43:7807/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
   
//在ns1中访问ns0中的ip地址
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns1 ping 10.0.0.1
PING 10.0.0.1 (10.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 10.0.0.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.028 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.0.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.031 ms
^C
--- 10.0.0.1 ping statistics ---
2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 1053ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.028/0.029/0.031/0.005 ms

可以看到，veth pair成功实现了两个不同Network Namespace之间的网络交互。

veth设备重命名

[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns0 ip link set veth0 down
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns0 ip link set dev veth0 name eth0
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns0 ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
6: eth0@if7: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/ether b6:36:44:ac:05:46 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netns ns1
    inet 10.0.0.1/24 scope global eth0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns0 ip link set eth0 up

[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns1 ip link set veth1 down
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns1 ip link set dev veth1 name eth0
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns0 ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
6: eth0@if7: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state LOWERLAYERDOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/ether b6:36:44:ac:05:46 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netns ns1
    inet 10.0.0.1/24 scope global eth0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::b436:44ff:feac:546/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns1 ip link set eth0 up

四种网络模式配置

bridge模式配置

[root@localhost ~]# docker run -it --name t1 --rm busybox
/ # ifconfig
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 02:42:AC:11:00:02  
          inet addr:172.17.0.2  Bcast:172.17.255.255  Mask:255.255.0.0
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:11 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 
          RX bytes:962 (962.0 B)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:65536  Metric:1
          RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 
          RX bytes:0 (0.0 B)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)

/ # exit
[root@localhost ~]# docker container ls -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE            COMMAND              CREATED        STATUS                           PORTS                               NAMES
8f286976c579   web/httpd:v0.1   "/bin/bash"          24 hours ago   Exited (255) About an hour ago   0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp, :::80->80/tcp   test
6a9ae218e276   httpd            "httpd-foreground"   4 days ago     Exited (255) About an hour ago   80/tcp                              confident_banach

//在创建容器时添加--network bridge与不加--network选项效果是一致的
[root@localhost ~]# docker run -it --name t1 --network bridge --rm busybox
/ # ifconfig
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 02:42:AC:11:00:02  
          inet addr:172.17.0.2  Bcast:172.17.255.255  Mask:255.255.0.0
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 
          RX bytes:696 (696.0 B)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:65536  Metric:1
          RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 
          RX bytes:0 (0.0 B)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)

/ # exit

none模式配置

[root@localhost ~]# docker run -it --name t1 --network none --rm busybox
/ # ifconfig -a
lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:65536  Metric:1
          RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 
          RX bytes:0 (0.0 B)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)

/ # exit

container模式配置

//启动第一个容器
[root@localhost ~]# docker run -it --name b1 --rm busybox
/ # ifconfig
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 02:42:AC:11:00:02  
          inet addr:172.17.0.2  Bcast:172.17.255.255  Mask:255.255.0.0
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 
          RX bytes:696 (696.0 B)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:65536  Metric:1
          RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 
          RX bytes:0 (0.0 B)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)

//启动第二个容器
[root@localhost ~]# docker run -it --name b2 --rm busybox
/ # ifconfig
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 02:42:AC:11:00:03  
          inet addr:172.17.0.3  Bcast:172.17.255.255  Mask:255.255.0.0
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:6 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 
          RX bytes:516 (516.0 B)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:65536  Metric:1
          RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 
          RX bytes:0 (0.0 B)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)

可以看到名为b2的容器IP地址是10.0.0.3，与第一个容器的IP地址不是一样的，也就是说并没有共享网络，此时如果我们将第二个容器的启动方式改变一下，就可以使名为b2的容器IP与B1容器IP一致，也即共享IP，但不共享文件系统。

host模式配置

//启动容器时直接指明模式为host
[root@localhost ~]# docker run -it --name b2 --rm --network host busybox 
/ # ifconfig
docker0   Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 02:42:DD:10:56:50  
          inet addr:172.17.0.1  Bcast:172.17.255.255  Mask:255.255.0.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::42:ddff:fe10:5650/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:11 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 
          RX bytes:0 (0.0 B)  TX bytes:986 (986.0 B)

ens33     Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0C:29:63:98:E5  
          inet addr:192.168.205.144  Bcast:192.168.205.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::9e26:e42:e48e:6000/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:105153 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:134781 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 
          RX bytes:60692709 (57.8 MiB)  TX bytes:25907639 (24.7 MiB)

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
          inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:65536  Metric:1
          RX packets:2 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:2 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 
          RX bytes:716 (716.0 B)  TX bytes:716 (716.0 B)

vetha16b5fc Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr B6:89:6E:4A:2C:2E  
          inet6 addr: fe80::b489:6eff:fe4a:2c2e/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:11 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 
          RX bytes:0 (0.0 B)  TX bytes:866 (866.0 B)

此时如果我们在这个容器中启动一个http站点，我们就可以直接用宿主机的IP直接在浏览器中访问这个容器中的站点了。

容器的常用操作

查看容器的主机名

[root@localhost ~]#  docker run -it --name t1 --network bridge --rm busybox
/ # hostname
888d11f8955d

在容器启动时注入主机名

[root@localhost ~]# docker run -it --name t1 --network bridge --hostname wangqing --rm busybox
/ # hostname
wangqing
/ # cat /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1       localhost
::1     localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
fe00::0 ip6-localnet
ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix
ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
ff02::2 ip6-allrouters
172.17.0.2      wangqing           //注入主机名时会自动创建主机名到IP的映射关系
/ # cat /etc/resolv.conf
# Generated by NetworkManager
search localdomain
nameserver 192.168.205.2            //DNS也会自动配置为宿主机的DNS
/ # ping www.baidu.com
PING www.baidu.com (182.61.200.7): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 182.61.200.7: seq=0 ttl=127 time=22.019 ms
64 bytes from 182.61.200.7: seq=1 ttl=127 time=21.287 ms
64 bytes from 182.61.200.7: seq=2 ttl=127 time=21.143 ms
^C
--- www.baidu.com ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max = 21.143/21.483/22.019 ms

手动指定容器要使用的DNS

[root@localhost ~]# docker run -it --name t1 --network bridge --hostname wangqing --dns 114.114.114.114 --rm busybox
/ # cat /etc/resolv.conf
search localdomain
nameserver 114.114.114.114
/ # nslookup -type=a www.baidu.com
Server:         114.114.114.114
Address:        114.114.114.114:53

Non-authoritative answer:
www.baidu.com   canonical name = www.a.shifen.com
Name:   www.a.shifen.com
Address: 182.61.200.7
Name:   www.a.shifen.com
Address: 182.61.200.6

手动往/etc/hosts文件中注入主机名到IP地址的映射

[root@localhost ~]# docker run -it --name t1 --network bridge --hostname wangqing --add-host www.a.com:1.1.1.1 --rm busybox
/ # cat /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1       localhost
::1     localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
fe00::0 ip6-localnet
ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix
ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
ff02::2 ip6-allrouters
1.1.1.1 www.a.com
172.17.0.2      wangqing