【CHE】conjugate acid and base:为什么硫酸根的共轭酸是硫酸一氢根？

All acids have a conjugate base. All bases have a conjugate acid. Acids "donate" H+ when they react. This is most easily seen when they dissociate in water:

H2SO4+H2O⟶HSO−4+H3O+

In this example, sulfuric acid (H2SO4 ) is an acid because it "donates" H+ to the water. It becomes the hydrogen sulfite ion (HSO−4 ) which is the conjugate base of sulfuric acid.

The same idea applies to a base:

NH3+H2O⟶NH+4+OH−

Ammonia (NH3 ) is a base because is "accepts H+ from water to come its conjugate acid, the ammonium ion (NH+4 ).
 

Here's another way to look at it.

A conjugate acid contains one more H atom and one more + charge than the base that formed it. Conjugate acid is formed when an acid donates a proton to a base.

A conjugate base contains one less H atom and one more - charge than the acid that formed it. It is left over substance after acid loses its hydrogen ion.

Let us take the example of bicarbonate ions reacting with water to create carbonic acid and hydronium ions.

HCO₃⁻ + H₂O → H₂CO₃ + OH⁻
base + acid → Conj A + Conj B

We see that HCO₃⁻ becomes H₂CO₃. It has one more H atom and one more + charge (-1 + 1 = 0). So H₂CO₃ is the conjugate acid of HCO₃⁻.

The H₂O becomes OH⁻. It has one less H atom and one more – charge. So OH⁻ is the conjugate base of H₂O.

 

所有酸都有一个共轭碱。所有碱都有一个共轭酸。在它们发生反应时，酸会“捐赠”H+，这在它们在水中解离时最容易观察到：

H2SO4 + H2O ⟶ HSO4- + H3O+

在这个例子中，硫酸（H2SO4）是一种酸，因为它向水“捐赠”了H+。它变成了氢亚硫酸离子（HSO4-），这是硫酸的共轭碱。

同样的概念也适用于碱：
NH3 + H2O ⟶ NH4+ + OH-
氨（NH3）是一种碱，因为它从水中“接受”了H+，形成了其共轭酸，铵离子（NH4+）。

还有另一种看待它的方式：
一个共轭酸比形成它的碱多一个H原子和一个+电荷。共轭酸是在酸捐赠质子给碱时形成的。
一个共轭碱比形成它的酸少一个H原子和一个-电荷。它是酸失去氢离子后剩下的物质。
让我们以碳酸氢根离子与水反应生成碳酸和氢氧根离子为例：
HCO₃⁻ + H₂O → H₂CO₃ + OH⁻
碱 + 酸 → 共轭酸 + 共轭碱
我们看到HCO₃⁻变成了H₂CO₃。它比HCO₃⁻多了一个H原子和一个+电荷（-1 + 1 = 0）。因此，H₂CO₃是HCO₃⁻的共轭酸。
H₂O变成了OH⁻。它比H₂O少了一个H原子，多了一个-电荷。所以OH⁻是H₂O的共轭碱。