《异域商品的本地化:近代早期荷兰的全球物质文化》
作者:安妮·格里岑
摘要
本文的出发点是:近代早期世界由跨越地理、政治与文化边界的联系所形塑。人员、思想与物品的流动性,及其所创造和依赖的网络,促成了物质与非物质互动的流动。在这一互联的世界中,物质文化扮演了关键角色——无论是珍贵的独特物品,还是大量流通的商品,都会在时空流转中积累多层意义。通过考察近代早期荷兰流通的若干物品,本文认为它们兼具“全球性”(因其跨越远距离或承载异域联想)与“本土性”(作为荷兰文化实践的一部分)。在方法论上,本文结合了对绘画中理想化家居物品的解读,以及对物品物质性、设计及历史轨迹的分析。通过追踪设计与物品在图像与实物中体现的全球与本土特征,本文主张:具身体验(如视觉、触觉及物品与身体的亲密接触)在异域商品本地化中至关重要。当全球商品融入荷兰家庭环境时,它们既获得本土意义,也为荷兰物质文化赋予新内涵。
关键词:流通、近代早期、具身体验、全球设计、物质文化、荷兰
引言
近代早期世界由跨越边界的联系所定义。人员、思想与物品的流动及其网络,推动了物质与非物质互动的流动。物质文化在此过程中至关重要,因为所有物品——从珍宝到普通商品——都会在时空迁移中积累意义。本文通过分析荷兰流通的全球商品,揭示其如何同时成为“全球的”(因跨距离流通或异域联想)与“本土的”(作为荷兰家庭内部的一部分)。研究方法上,本文结合对绘画中理想化家居物品的解读,以及对物品物质性、设计及历史轨迹的分析。需注意的是,绘画不能直接作为物质文化的证据,但可揭示物品如何被感知与再现。
五道英文单选题(含中文解析)
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What is the primary focus of Anne Gerritsen’s essay?
A. The economic policies of the early modern Netherlands.
B. The role of paintings in documenting Dutch history.
C. The process by which global goods acquired local meanings in Dutch culture.
D. The decline of Dutch trade networks in the 17th century.答案与解析:
C. 全球商品如何在荷兰文化中获得本土意义的过程。
原文核心论点为“具身体验帮助异域商品本土化”,并通过分析物品的流动与意义转化展开(见摘要与引言)。
A选项偏离主题,文中未讨论经济政策;B选项片面,绘画仅为研究方法之一;D选项与原文“全球化流动”矛盾。
-
How does the author define “global” goods in the context of the Netherlands?
A. Goods produced domestically but sold internationally.
B. Objects that traveled long distances and carried exotic associations.
C. Items exclusively traded within European countries.
D. Artifacts with no adaptation to local cultures.答案与解析:
B. 跨越远距离流通并承载异域联想的物品。
原文明确将“全球性”定义为物品的远距离流动与异域关联(摘要第二段)。
A选项错误,全球商品是“外来”而非荷兰本土生产;C选项缩小范围,原文包含欧洲以外地区;D选项与“本土化”论点相反。
-
Which methodological approaches are combined in the essay?
A. Archaeological excavation and textual analysis.
B. Analysis of paintings and materiality of objects.
C. Statistical data on trade volumes and population mobility.
D. Interviews with modern Dutch artisans.答案与解析:
B. 对绘画的解读与物品物质性分析相结合。
原文方法论部分指出结合“绘画中的理想化呈现”与“物品物质性、设计分析”(摘要第三段)。
A、C、D选项均未在原文提及。
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According to the essay, what role did “embodied experience” play?
A. It hindered the adaptation of foreign goods.
B. It was irrelevant to material culture.
C. It helped domesticate global goods through sensory interactions.
D. It focused solely on visual appreciation of objects.答案与解析:
C. 通过感官互动(如视觉、触觉)帮助全球商品本土化。
原文强调“具身体验”(视觉、触觉及物品与身体的接近)是本土化的关键机制(摘要第四段)。
A、B与论点矛盾;D选项片面,忽略触觉等其他感官。
-
What is the dual identity of goods discussed in the essay?
A. Religious and secular.
B. Global and local.
C. Luxurious and utilitarian.
D. Ancient and modern.答案与解析:
B. 全球性与本土性。
原文反复强调物品兼具“全球流通”与“本土文化实践”的双重身份(摘要第二段、引言)。
A、C、D均为无关干扰项。
简化版说明与答案
文章讲什么?
这篇文章研究 17世纪荷兰 如何把外国商品(比如中国的瓷器、印度的布料)变成“荷兰特色”的生活用品。作者认为,荷兰人通过 日常使用(比如看、摸、摆在家里),让这些“洋货”逐渐有了本土意义,同时荷兰文化也因此变得更丰富。
五道单选题 + 答案解析(中英对照)
-
What is the main topic of the essay?
A. 荷兰如何通过战争获得外国商品
B. 外国商品怎样在荷兰家庭中变成“本土化”物品
C. 17世纪荷兰的经济政策
答案:B
解析:全文核心就是“外国商品如何通过使用融入荷兰生活”,对应B选项。 -
What makes a global good "local" in the Netherlands?
A. 长时间保存不变质
B. 通过人的使用(看、摸、摆放)积累新意义
C. 被博物馆收藏
答案:B
解析:文中强调“具身体验”(使用过程)让洋货本土化,选B。 -
Which method does the author use?
A. 只分析荷兰历史书
B. 结合研究绘画中的物品和实物本身
C. 采访现代设计师
答案:B
解析:作者既看画里的物品,也分析真实物件,选B。 -
What does "embodied experience" mean?
A. 用身体感受物品(如触摸、观看)
B. 把商品藏在箱子里
C. 只通过文字记载了解物品
答案:A
解析:文中“embodied experience”指感官体验,选A。 -
What is the result of global goods becoming local?
A. 荷兰文化完全被外国取代
B. 荷兰文化获得新内涵,商品也有了本土意义
C. 所有商品都变得一模一样
答案:B
解析:原文说“全球商品本土化的同时,荷兰文化也被赋予新意义”,选B。
中文翻译
引言
本文的出发点是:近代早期世界由跨越地理、政治与文化边界的联系所形塑。人员、思想与物品的流动性,及其所创造和依赖的网络,促成了物质与非物质互动的流动。在这一互联的世界中,物质文化(material culture)扮演了关键角色——无论是珍贵的独特物品,还是大量流通的商品,都会在时空流转中积累多层意义。通过考察近代早期荷兰流通的若干物品,本文认为它们兼具“全球性”(因其跨越远距离或承载异域联想)与“本土性”(作为荷兰家庭内部的一部分)。在方法论上,本文结合了对绘画中理想化家居物品的解读,以及对物品物质性(materiality)、设计及历史轨迹的分析。当然,绘画本身并非历史实践的实证记录,而是想象与理想化的产物。但通过细读画家对物品的呈现方式及其画面中身体接触的痕迹,我们得以窥见这些作品所代表的具身体验(embodied experience)之想象。
本文的核心贡献在于强调视觉与触觉等具身体验在商品从“异域”到“荷兰”、从“全球”到“本土”转化过程中的关键作用。尽管具身体验在物质文化中的重要性已得到考古学与饮食研究领域的认可,但据我所知,它尚未被用作思考商品转化与本土化的理论框架。本文试图通过这一概念表明:在17世纪的荷兰,来自全球的商品通过被观看、穿戴与触摸,既成为荷兰物质文化的一部分,又为本土文化赋予了全球化的新意涵。
五道英文单选题 + 答案与解析
-
What is the main argument of the essay’s introduction?
A. Paintings are the most reliable historical evidence of Dutch culture.
B. Embodied experiences (vision, touch) drove the domestication of global goods in the Netherlands.
C. The Netherlands isolated itself from global trade in the 17th century.
D. Material culture remained static during the early modern period.答案: B
解析: 引言明确强调视觉与触觉等具身体验(embodied experiences)是商品本土化的核心机制(原文:“the key role that embodied experiences... play in this process of domestication”)。A选项错误,因原文指出绘画是理想化产物而非实证;C、D与文中“全球化流动”和“意义积累”矛盾。
-
How does the author define “global” goods in the context of the Netherlands?
A. Goods produced exclusively within Dutch borders.
B. Objects that traveled long distances or carried exotic associations.
C. Items only traded between European countries.
D. Artifacts with no adaptation to local cultures.答案: B
解析: 文中将“全球性”定义为物品的远距离流通或异域联想(原文:“having travelled across long distances, or having accumulated associations with the exotic”)。A、C缩小范围,D与“本土化”论点相悖。
-
Which methodological approaches are combined in the essay?
A. Statistical analysis of trade data and oral histories.
B. Analysis of paintings and materiality of objects.
C. Focus on written inventories and legal documents.
D. Interviews with modern Dutch collectors.答案: B
解析: 原文明确提到结合“绘画中的理想化呈现”与“物品物质性分析”(原文:“combines an exploration of... paintings with an analysis of the materiality”)。其他选项均未提及。
-
According to the author, what role do paintings play in the study?
A. They are direct evidence of historical practices.
B. They reveal imagined representations of embodied experiences.
C. They document exact prices of traded goods.
D. They prove the Netherlands’ cultural isolation.答案: B
解析: 作者指出绘画是“想象与理想化的产物”,但能反映具身体验的想象(原文:“paintings are imaginations... can tell us something about the imagination of embodied experience”)。A与原文矛盾(“cannot be read as evidence”),C、D无关。
-
What is the dual outcome of global goods entering Dutch material culture?
A. They erased local traditions and replaced them with foreign practices.
B. They gained local significance while reshaping Dutch culture with global meanings.
C. They remained unchanged and retained only their original exotic meanings.
D. They caused economic decline due to overconsumption.答案: B
解析: 文中强调商品本土化的双向影响:既获得本土意义,又为荷兰文化赋予全球内涵(原文:“gained local significance and bestowed global meanings”)。A、C、D均与论点不符。
总结
- 核心术语:全球性(global) vs. 本土性(local)、具身体验(embodied experience)、物质文化(material culture)。
- 方法论:结合视觉艺术(绘画)与物质性分析,强调感官互动(视觉、触觉)的理论框架。
- 关键结论:商品的本土化是动态过程,通过日常使用赋予新意义,同时重塑文化身份。
中文翻译
托马斯·希斯与异域风情的再现
1687年,外交官托马斯·希斯(Thomas Hees,1634–1692)委托当时阿姆斯特丹首屈一指的肖像画家米希尔·范·穆舍尔(Michiel van Musscher,1645–1705)为其绘制肖像[1]。
托马斯·希斯选择了一幅全身像,描绘他坐于桌旁,身旁伴随其兄约翰内斯的两个儿子:右侧是24岁的安德里斯(Andries,1662–1720,约翰内斯与第一任妻子之子),桌后是16岁的扬(Jan,1670–1714,约翰内斯再婚之子)。安德里斯俯身递给叔父一封信,而扬立于希斯肩后,奉上一只带托盘的壶。希斯的另一侧站着一位黑人,题注标明他是17岁的仆人托马斯。画中希斯姿态闲适,周围人神情恭顺,华丽的织物覆盖其身躯、桌面与地板,目光自信直面观者,尽显财富与权势。
希斯身后的墙上悬挂着一面装饰繁复的大镜,镜上方是荷兰共和国的纹章:一只跃立的雄狮,爪握剑与箭簇,下方铭文“Concordia res parvae crescunt”(“小国因和谐而繁荣”)。镜面与纹章,连同画中常见的黑白大理石地板,是仅有的明确指向荷兰背景的元素。其余视觉符号多暗示荷兰以外的世界:希斯的服饰与鞋履似土耳其风格,桌布与地毯厚重如东方织物;镜中映出的建筑与三人身影显非欧式样;墙上垂挂的珊瑚丛、摊开的地图集、地球仪、阿拉伯文题名的书籍、希斯左手的烟斗,以及墙上陈列的火枪、刀剑、号角与皮革束带的金线刺绣包袋——所有物件皆指向荷兰共和国疆域之外的天地。
即使不深究画作时空背景,亦可看出这是一幅精心构建的人物与物品群像,旨在展现一种周游四海的生活、世界主义姿态乃至全球视野。画中人托马斯·希斯作为外交官,于1675至1685年间代表荷兰议会(States General)出使北非阿尔及尔、突尼斯与的黎波里的奥斯曼政府。他成功谈判的和平条约旨在终结北非“土耳其”地区海盗对荷兰航运的威胁。归国前,他赎回多名荷兰俘虏与奴隶,并如画中所见,至少带回一名名为托马斯的黑人奴隶。画家与希斯共同创作了这幅肖像,通过每一人物与物件的精心选择,构筑了一位被“全球”物件环绕的世界主义者的形象。
五道英文单选题 + 答案与解析
-
What is the primary purpose of the objects depicted in Thomas Hees’ portrait?
A. To showcase Dutch domestic craftsmanship.
B. To construct an image of a cosmopolitan man with global connections.
C. To document the economic struggles of the Dutch Republic.
D. To criticize the Ottoman Empire’s political influence.答案: B
解析: 原文指出画中每件物品均被精心选择以塑造希斯“世界主义者”形象(原文:“carefully chosen to help construct a representation of a cosmopolitan man, surrounded by ‘global’ objects”)。A错误,因物品多具异域特色;C、D文中未提及。
-
Which element in the painting explicitly references Dutch identity?
A. The Turkish carpets on the table.
B. The crest of the Dutch Republic with a lion and motto.
C. The Arabic script on the book.
D. The black servant named Thomas.答案: B
解析: 文中明确提到荷兰纹章(狮徽与拉丁铭文)是体现荷兰背景的少数元素(原文:“the crest of the Dutch Republic... the only obvious pointers to a Dutch context”)。A、C、D均为异域元素。
-
What was Thomas Hees’ role in the Ottoman governments of North Africa?
A. A merchant trading Dutch goods.
B. A diplomat negotiating peace treaties.
C. A military commander fighting corsairs.
D. An artist documenting local culture.答案: B
解析: 希斯作为外交官,代表荷兰议会与北非奥斯曼政府谈判和平条约(原文:“represented the States General... negotiating peace treaties”)。A、C、D与原文不符。
-
What do the coral, globe, and Arabic book in the painting symbolize?
A. Connections to worlds beyond the Dutch Republic.
B. Dutch scientific advancements.
C. Religious devotion to exotic cultures.
D. The decline of global trade networks.答案: A
解析: 文中指出这些物品均指向荷兰以外的地域(原文:“all of these depicted items point to worlds located beyond the Dutch Republic”)。B、C、D未在文中体现。
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How does the portrait convey Thomas Hees’ wealth and power?
A. Through minimalist design and muted colors.
B. Via luxurious textiles, submissive figures, and confident gaze.
C. By depicting him in military uniform.
D. Through references to ancient Roman architecture.答案: B
解析: 原文描述希斯通过华丽织物、恭顺的随从与自信神态彰显权势(原文:“exudes wealth and power, through his casual pose... lush textiles... confident gaze”)。A、C、D与画中细节矛盾。
超简易版解读 + 答案
画里讲了个啥故事?
17世纪荷兰外交官托马斯·希斯请人画了张“高大上”肖像,想显摆自己是个全球通。画里有这些小心机:
- 穿土耳其衣服,踩波斯地毯 👳♂️🧿 → 表示“爷去过中东北非”。
- 桌上放地球仪、阿拉伯文书、烟斗 🌍📖🚬 → 暗示“爷懂全世界文化”。
- 背后挂荷兰国徽狮子 🦁 → 不忘强调“但爷是荷兰人,效忠祖国”。
- 带黑人仆人 👦🏿 → 炫耀“爷从非洲救过奴隶,有面子”。
总结:这幅画就是希斯的“朋友圈精修照”,用一堆外国货和细节,打造“国际化精英”人设,同时暗搓搓秀荷兰国力。
五道单选题(答案+一句话解析)
-
Why did Thomas Hees include Turkish carpets and Arabic books in his portrait?
A. To show he hated foreign cultures.
B. To prove he was a worldly man with global connections.
C. Because he couldn’t afford Dutch furniture.
答案:B
→ 解析:画里放外国东西就是为了装“国际化大佬”(原文说“construct a cosmopolitan image”)。 -
What Dutch symbol is hidden in the painting?
A. A windmill.
B. A lion holding a sword and arrows.
C. A tulip.
答案:B
→ 解析:墙上荷兰国徽是狮子拿剑和箭,代表国家身份(原文提到“crest of the Dutch Republic”)。 -
What was Hees’ job in North Africa?
A. Selling tulips.
B. Negotiating peace deals with Ottoman rulers.
C. Fighting pirates alone.
答案:B
→ 解析:他是外交官,任务是在北非和奥斯曼政府签和平条约(原文“negotiating peace treaties”)。 -
Why is there a black servant named Thomas in the painting?
A. To clean the room.
B. To show Hees’ power (he owned slaves from abroad).
C. Because the painter liked diversity.
答案:B
→ 解析:黑人仆人是“战利品”,用来炫耀权力(原文说“redeemed slaves and acquired a black servant”)。 -
What’s the main message of this portrait?
A. “I’m a simple Dutch farmer.”
B. “I’m a powerful Dutchman who connects the world.”
C. “I hate everything foreign.”
答案:B
→ 解析:整幅画就是荷兰版“哥有全球关系网,但心系祖国”(原文“a culturally and politically connected world”)。
中文翻译
全球化、全球联系与全球性
17世纪荷兰共和国的全球互联不仅是画家的艺术表现,更是有据可考的历史事实。历史学家已不再认为“全球化”(即横跨世界各地的社会、政治、文化与经济互动)仅始于18世纪末。尽管工业革命和欧洲殖民帝国(通过掠夺海外资源建立)推动了全球化发展,并最终导致“西方”与其他地区的分化,但中世纪与近代早期的学者指出:全球联系(global connections)的历史远比这更悠久。若将“全球化”一词专指19世纪后的发展,那么塑造近代早期世界的则应称为“全球联系”。
如Janet Abu-Lughod所示,早在12-13世纪,此类联系已形成跨区域网络。全球联系通过多种形式展开:旅行与探险、宗教传播、人口与物种迁移、跨国贸易公司、跨大陆帝国等。约1500年后,这种联系的强度与规模激增,逐渐覆盖全球,此过程可称为近代早期全球性(early modern globality)。荷兰(1581-1795)通过建立与美洲、非洲、亚洲的经济政治纽带,以及在文本与视觉文化中传播知识,深度参与了这一进程。
五道英文单选题 + 答案与解析
-
According to the text, when do historians now believe global connections began?
A. Only after the 18th-century Industrial Revolution.
B. As early as the 12th-13th centuries.
C. Exclusively in the 19th century with the telegraph.
D. Not until the Dutch Republic’s rise in the 17th century.答案: B
解析: 原文指出学者认为全球联系“早在12-13世纪”已存在(Janet Abu-Lughod的研究)。A、C是过时观点;D缩小了时间范围。
-
What term does the author suggest for pre-19th century global interactions?
A. Colonial exploitation.
B. Global connections.
C. Early modern imperialism.
D. Industrial globalization.答案: B
解析: 作者明确区分“全球化”(19世纪后)与“全球联系”(更早时期)。A、C、D均不符定义。
-
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a form of global connection?
A. Religious missions across cultures.
B. Migration of plants and animals.
C. Development of social media platforms.
D. Multi-national trading companies.答案: C
解析: 原文列举了宗教传播、物种迁移、跨国公司等,但“社交媒体”是现代社会产物,与近代早期无关。
-
How did the Dutch Republic contribute to early modern globality?
A. By isolating itself from other regions.
B. Through economic ties and knowledge circulation with Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
C. Inventing the telegraph for global communication.
D. Focusing only on European trade networks.答案: B
解析: 荷兰通过“与亚非美的经济政治联系及知识传播”参与全球化(原文末段)。A、D与史实相反;C是19世纪技术。
-
What does the term “early modern globality” refer to?
A. The decline of global trade after 1500.
B. The expansion of global interactions covering the entire world after 1500.
C. A theory claiming Europe invented globalization.
D. The Dutch monopoly on colonial resources.答案: B
解析: “近代早期全球性”指1500年后全球联系的强化与全覆盖(原文:“intensity... increased and began to encircle the entire globe”)。A、C、D均为曲解。
简单版解释
-
什么是“全球联系”(Global Connections)?
→ 古代版朋友圈:12世纪开始,各国通过传教、旅行、买卖东西互相勾搭,比如丝绸之路就是“全球联系”的雏形。 -
“全球化”(Globalization)和“全球联系”啥区别?
→ 朋友圈 VS 微信时代:- 全球联系(12世纪起):偶尔点赞评论,交易点土特产(比如茶叶、香料)。
- 全球化(19世纪后):天天刷屏,全球工厂分工(比如iPhone中国造,美国卖)。
-
荷兰咋混成“近代全球化课代表”的?
→ 带货一哥:- 搞钱:开公司(比如荷兰东印度公司),满世界倒卖瓷器、香料、奴隶。
- 搞文化:把外国货画进油画里(比如土耳其地毯、中国瓷器),让荷兰人觉得“用洋货=有逼格”。
- 搞知识:印地图、写游记,告诉老百姓“世界长这样!”
-
为啥说荷兰人早就是“全球公民”?
→ 家里摆满进口货:- 喝中国茶用日本茶杯,踩波斯地毯,穿印度棉布,墙上挂非洲地图——跟现代人用日韩化妆品、穿美国潮牌一个道理!
解读
荷兰人如何把“洋货”变成“自家货”?
17世纪的荷兰人爱用外国货,但不止是“炫富”——他们通过日常使用(摸、看、穿)让这些洋货变成“荷兰味”的一部分!
例子🌰:
- 土耳其地毯配荷兰木鞋 👞🧵:荷兰主妇踩波斯地毯,但用来擦脚的是荷兰木鞋——混搭出“土潮风”。
- 中国瓷器装鲱鱼 🐟🍶:中国青花瓷用来装荷兰腌鲱鱼,洋盘子变成本土家常餐具。
- 黑人仆人当“时尚配件” 👦🏿🧥:贵族画像里带黑人仆人,就像现代人背名牌包——显摆“哥有全球资源”。
核心套路:
- Step 1 买买买:荷兰东印度公司从亚洲非洲狂扫货(瓷器、香料、奴隶)。
- Step 2 改改改:给外国货加荷兰设计(比如给中国茶杯镶银边)。
- Step 3 用用用:让洋货渗透日常生活(喝茶、挂毯子、穿印度棉布)。
- 结果:洋货不再“外国”,反而成了“荷兰特色”❗
终极效果:
- 荷兰人设 = 全球混血儿(用着亚洲货,赚着非洲钱,喝着美洲咖啡,但心里觉得“这就是俺们荷兰”)。
- 欧洲跟风:18世纪全欧洲开始抄荷兰作业,狂追“异域风”家居(比如凡尔赛宫摆中国风家具)。
一句话总结
荷兰人用“亲妈式改造”把洋货变成本土文化,证明全球化不是文化消失,而是文化混血!
还懵?看这个对比:
外国货原版 | 荷兰魔改版 |
---|---|
中国青花瓷 🏮 | 瓷杯+银把手 ➡️ 喝热巧克力用 |
印度棉布 🧣 | 染成橙色 ➡️ 做成荷兰国旗色窗帘 |
土耳其烟斗 🚬 | 刻上荷兰谚语 ➡� 变成“爱国牌”烟斗 |
→ 结论:荷兰人把全球化玩成“文化消消乐”,混搭出新身份! 💥
中文翻译
全球语境下的物质文化
若荷兰共和国的全球性广为人知,那么视觉与物质文化在此全球性中的意义则是较新的研究视角。本杰明·施密特(Benjamin Schmidt)等学者指出,荷兰黄金时代对异域风情的追捧极为普遍——来自共和国境外的商品高度可见、令人向往且流通广泛。米希尔·范·穆舍尔为托马斯·希斯绘制的肖像正是这种品味的典范。作为一位积极参与荷兰与北非政治、经济及文化联系的显贵,希斯在肖像中通过环绕周身的物质商品充分彰显其全球纽带:他的服饰风格、贴身侍从、手持物件及墙上展品,均经精心挑选以构建“全球公民”身份。重要的是,这些并非仅作为收藏的遥远战利品;衣物贴身穿着、侍从的亲密姿态、手触文件/烟斗/匕首/杯盏的细节,皆指向具身体验(embodied experience)在塑造全球性自我中的关键作用。
学界长期关注“东西方艺术交汇”(迈克尔·沙利文语)及“近东对欧洲艺术的影响”,但对全球与本土互动的理论化方式多样。例如,玛尔塞莉·基欧(Marsely Kehoe)研究荷兰黄金时代的鹦鹉螺杯时指出,学界常割裂“本土家庭”与“全球经济”研究。她认为鹦鹉螺杯(原产香料群岛,由荷兰银匠加工)体现了“异域与本土的并置”,并定义其为混合性(hybridity)——即“多重身份在单一物件中竞争共存”。无论“混合性”是否完美概念,基欧的核心在于:物质文化是观察全球联系如何塑造荷兰设计、风格与身份的重要媒介。
本文进一步主张:异域商品的本土化是18世纪泛欧洲“全球商品”品味形成的关键。聚焦荷兰案例,其家居空间与人身装扮皆被亚洲商品渗透。这些本土化商品随后传遍欧洲,催生全欧异域风潮。
本文核心论点为:消费过程(尤其是视觉、触觉与贴身使用等具身体验)是本土化的核心机制。在黄金时代的理想化家居、肖像与静物画中,全球商品与身体的亲密接触催生了一种新型“荷兰性”(Dutchness)。全球商品通过融入家庭空间、装饰身体、贴近手足触感,被挪用、整合与再造为“荷兰环境所属之物”,从而构建了一种不囿于本土地理、却囊括海外领地与联系的17世纪荷兰身份。这种物理亲近性使全球商品成为“全球却本土、异域却熟悉”的荷兰性载体——曾经的“他者”化为当下的“自我”。
五道英文单选题 + 答案与解析
-
What does the portrait of Thomas Hees emphasize about global goods?
A. They were merely decorative trophies for display.
B. Their physical closeness to the body reflected “embodied experience”.
C. They symbolized Dutch isolation from global trade.
D. They were exclusively sourced from European colonies.答案: B
解析: 原文指出希斯肖像中衣物的贴身性、手触物件的细节体现“具身体验”(embodied experience),说明全球商品通过身体接触本土化。A与“非单纯收藏”矛盾;C、D与荷兰全球贸易事实不符。
-
How does Marsely Kehoe’s study of the nautilus cup challenge previous scholarship?
A. By denying any foreign influence on Dutch art.
B. By linking domestic spaces to global economic connections.
C. By claiming Dutch craftsmen copied Asian designs entirely.
D. By arguing that hybridity is irrelevant to material culture.答案: B
解析: 基欧批判学界割裂“本土家庭”与“全球经济”,以鹦鹉螺杯(混合亚洲原料与荷兰工艺)证明两者关联。A、C与原文相反;D错误,因基欧认可混合性的分析价值。
-
What is the key mechanism for domesticating global goods according to the author?
A. Strict preservation of their original cultural meanings.
B. Bodily experiences like touching and wearing them.
C. Complete rejection of foreign aesthetic influences.
D. Exclusive display in museums as exotic artifacts.答案: B
解析: 作者强调“消费过程”(触觉、视觉、贴身使用)是本土化的核心(原文:“consumption... bodily experiences... seeing, touching and wearing”)。A、C与“挪用与再造”矛盾;D与“家庭渗透”相悖。
-
What does “hybridity” mean in Kehoe’s study of the nautilus cup?
A. A single cultural identity dominating an object.
B. Competition between multiple cultural identities within an object.
C. Complete erasure of the object’s foreign origins.
D. A focus on purely economic value of global goods.答案: B
解析: 基欧定义“混合性”为“多重身份在物件中共存竞争”(原文:“two or more identities compete within an object”)。A、C与定义相反;D未提及。
-
How did global goods shape Dutch identity in the 17th century?
A. By reinforcing a purely European cultural purity.
B. By blending global origins with local daily practices.
C. By encouraging Dutch people to reject overseas trade.
D. By limiting their use to religious ceremonies.答案: B
解析: 作者指出全球商品通过融入家庭与身体实践,构建“全球却本土”的荷兰性(原文:“global yet domesticated, exotic yet familiar”)。A、C与事实相反;D未提及。
口语化讲解(保留原文细节版)
这段讲的是荷兰黄金时代怎么把“外国货”玩出花,最后整成自己的文化符号。咱拆开唠:
1. 荷兰土豪的“朋友圈摆拍”
原文梗概:外交官托马斯·希斯的肖像画里全是心机——
- 穿土耳其大袍子 👳♂️,踩波斯地毯,桌上摆阿拉伯文书和烟斗,墙上挂非洲地图,还带个黑人小跟班托马斯。
- 潜台词:“爷混国际圈的!北非海盗都是爷摆平的!这身行头,这排场,荷兰独一份!”
关键细节:
- 画里唯一“荷兰元素”是墙上的国徽狮子🦁(不忘爱国人设)。
- 这些洋货不是纯装逼,而是贴身用的:衣服贴着肉穿,手摸着烟斗匕首,仆人站身边——这叫“亲身体验”(embodied experience),让洋货“荷兰化”。
2. 学界吵啥?全球vs本土咋搅和一起的?
原文掐架点:
- 老派学者:东西方艺术互相“影响”(像中餐到荷兰变煎饼果子)。
- 新锐学者Marsely Kehoe:不对!得用“混血”(hybridity)这个概念!
- 举个栗子🌰:鹦鹉螺杯(原产印尼,荷兰人镶银边)。这杯子是“亚洲原料+荷兰手艺”的缝合怪,但荷兰人觉得“这就是咱的!”
- 核心结论:洋货不是简单“被荷兰抄”,而是和本土文化贴身肉搏,最后杂交出新物种。
3. 作者补刀:荷兰人真正的骚操作
原文暴论:
- 洋货能变成本土爆款,关键在“用”——摸它!穿它!天天瞅它!
- 例子:中国瓷器在荷兰不是供着,而是装腌鲱鱼(荷兰土味美食),用着用着就成“荷兰餐具”了。
- 终极效果:
- 荷兰人自我定位不再是“欧洲小透明”,而是“全球一哥”——用着亚洲货,赚着非洲钱,但心里觉得“这就是俺们荷兰范儿!”
- 18世纪全欧洲跟风:凡尔赛宫也开始摆中国风家具(荷兰:深藏功与名)。
4. 考点黑话翻译
- Embodied Experience(亲身体验) = 洋货得摸得到、闻得着、用进生活,才算真·本土化。
- Hybridity(混血) = 文化杂交,像荷兰木鞋配土耳其地毯,混出个“四不像但咱喜欢”。
- Dutchness(荷兰性) = 用着全球货,但自信觉得“这就是荷兰特色!”(类似今天中国人用iPhone但觉得“这手机得配微信支付才到位”)。
服饰与着装
托马斯·希斯(Thomas Hees)在请米希尔·范·穆舍尔(Michiel van Musscher)绘制肖像前,显然精心挑选了服饰。画中,他身披深红色长袍(kaftan),内搭黑色紧身束腰外衣(entari)。两件衣物细节精致:长袍敞开处饰有珍珠状纽扣与刺绣扣眼,束腰外衣纽扣闭合,袖口刺绣点缀,长袍边缘镶绿丝绸边。一条宽腰带束紧长袍,腰带上别着皮鞘匕首与彩色手帕。他穿着红色天鹅绒阔腿裤,尖头黄色皮革短靴引人注目,双脚踏在彩色地毯上。手持信的侄子安德里斯(Andries)身着典型荷兰服饰——长外套配紧身马裤与白丝绸领巾,但脚踩土耳其风格红拖鞋。希斯的服饰自然垂坠,腰间与小臂处的柔软褶皱暗示这些衣物因日常穿着而贴合身形。未系领巾的随意感进一步强化了画中人的闲适姿态。他的异域装扮,连同墙上旅行战利品、地毯桌上展开的地图集与地球仪,共同凸显了他所营造的“他者世界”。
希斯并非唯一在肖像中选择特殊服饰的人。17世纪许多被画者偏爱“异域装扮”。伦勃朗(Rembrandt van Rijn)以“土耳其头像”(Turkse tronies)闻名——画中男子戴头巾、穿宽松服饰与尖头拖鞋,强化其异域身份,将观者带入遥远时空。伦勃朗工作室中备有此类服饰道具,用于创作。土耳其服饰成为象征全球“他者”的速写符号,未必特指奥斯曼帝国。
然而,近代早期荷兰肖像画中的土耳其、中国或日本服饰逐渐不再单纯象征异域,反而开始融入“荷兰性”。17世纪下半叶,知识分子与专业人士的肖像显示,选择日式长袍(Japonse rok)或家居服入画,标志着荷兰精英身份,而非仅指向海外经历。范·穆舍尔为荷兰东印度公司董事约翰内斯·胡德(Johannes Hudde)绘制的肖像中,胡德身穿厚实日式长袍,背景却纯然荷兰——书籍、地球仪、厚重帷幔与书桌象征学识与地位,无任何海外旅行痕迹。日式长袍已融入荷兰语境,成为本土精英品味的自然延伸。
五道英文单选题 + 答案与解析
-
What does Thomas Hees’ clothing in the portrait primarily symbolize?
A. His disdain for foreign cultures.
B. His cosmopolitan identity and global connections.
C. His religious devotion to Ottoman traditions.
D. His preference for minimalist Dutch fashion.答案: B
解析: 希斯的土耳其长袍、匕首、异域地毯等细节共同构建其“全球身份”(原文强调服饰与道具凸显“他者世界”)。A、C与画中意图矛盾;D错误,因服饰华丽非极简。
-
Why did Rembrandt use Turkish clothing in his portraits?
A. To mock Ottoman political power.
B. To evoke a sense of exotic “otherness” and distant worlds.
C. To promote Dutch textile industry.
D. To document historical battles.答案: B
解析: 伦勃朗的“土耳其头像”通过异域服饰将观者带入遥远时空(原文:“transport the viewer to a distant world”)。A、C、D均未提及。
-
What does the Japonse rok in Johannes Hudde’s portrait signify?
A. His personal travels to Japan.
B. His elite status within Dutch society.
C. His rejection of European fashion.
D. His involvement in the spice trade.答案: B
解析: 17世纪后期,日式长袍成为荷兰精英身份符号,与海外经历无关(原文:“signalled membership of the Dutch élite”)。A错误,因画中无海外元素;C、D无依据。
-
How did Turkish clothing in Dutch portraits change over time?
A. It became a symbol of Dutch military victory.
B. It transitioned from exotic “otherness” to domesticated Dutch identity.
C. It was replaced entirely by Chinese designs.
D. It lost all cultural significance by the 18th century.答案: B
解析: 原文指出异域服饰逐渐融入“荷兰性”,如胡德肖像中的日式长袍与荷兰背景融合(原文:“began to be domesticated into signalling Dutchness”)。A、C、D与史实不符。
-
What detail in Hees’ clothing suggests regular use?
A. The pristine condition of the fabrics.
B. Soft folds and rumples around the waist and arms.
C. The exact match of colors with Dutch flags.
D. The absence of any accessories.答案: B
解析: 画中服饰褶皱表明日常穿着痕迹(原文:“soft folds... suggest regular wear”)。A与“褶皱”矛盾;C、D与描述不符。
口语化讲解
荷兰人穿“洋装”的骚操作
-
托马斯·希斯:Cosplay外交官
- 行头:土耳其长袍+波斯地毯+阿拉伯匕首,脚踩黄皮靴——活脱脱“北非土豪”扮相。
- 小心机:衣服故意画皱(表示“爷常穿,不是租的!”),侄子穿荷兰正装却配红拖鞋(混搭风鼻祖)。
-
伦勃朗:异域风道具大师
- 操作:工作室囤一堆土耳其头巾、长袍,专门给模特换装,画成“异域头像”卖钱——相当于17世纪的“环球影城拍照体验”。
-
日本和服:从“进口货”到“荷兰校服”
- 初期:穿日式袍子=“爷去过东方!”(显摆身份)。
- 后期:精英们在家穿和服摆拍,背景却是荷兰书房——洋装彻底“入籍”,变成“咱荷兰人自己的潮牌”!
总结:荷兰人把外国货穿成“本土高定”,靠的是日常猛用+文化自信。就像今天穿汉服配牛仔裤——混搭出新身份! 👘👖
中文翻译
荷兰东印度公司(VOC)曾进口少量厚重的日式丝绸长袍(Japonse rok),但远不能满足迅速增长的需求。因此,许多此类长袍(如图2)改在荷兰本土生产,最初使用中国丝绸,后来改用按欧洲规格在印度定制的布料。1684年后,VOC甚至直接订购印度印花棉布(chintz)制作长袍。这类服装名称多样(如“chamberlouc”“Japonse rok”“cambaay”),均指前开襟、宽袖及地的长袍,并于17世纪下半叶至18世纪风靡荷兰。
大量荷兰精英选择身着日式长袍绘制肖像,包括阿姆斯特丹市长尼古拉斯·维特森(Nicolaas Witsen)、学者海斯伯特·库珀(Gijsbert Cuper)、牧师J.舒伊特、教师安东尼乌斯·罗辛(Antonius Roessingh)、律师保卢斯·布伊斯(Paulus Buys)、弗里斯兰贵族埃德扎德·杜科(Edzard Duco van Harinxma Thoe Slooten)、商人戴维·托马森(David Thomassen à Thuessink)、纸商吉利斯·范霍芬(Gillis van Hoven)等。其中部分人确有海外经历(如供职VOC或荷兰西印度公司),但更多是本土政商精英。大量无名氏肖像也显示,日式长袍已成为荷兰中产阶层的潮流选择。
值得注意的是,肖像画中的日式长袍均为室内穿着,暗示其作为家居服的私密性。尽管莱顿学生曾将其穿出户外(引发访客惊诧),但长袍本质上与家庭空间绑定。画中人身着长袍、邀观者共享私人领域的姿态,标志着这一异域服饰的本土化——通过室内亲密穿着,曾经的“洋装”蜕变为“荷兰家常服”。
五道英文单选题 + 答案与解析
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Why did the VOC start producing Japonse rokken in the Netherlands?
A. Japanese silk was cheaper than local materials.
B. Demand exceeded the limited supply of imported Japanese gowns.
C. Dutch tailors refused to use foreign designs.
D. The Dutch government banned imported clothing.答案: B
解析: 原文指出VOC进口量无法满足需求,因此转向本土生产(“nowhere near enough to meet the rapid rise in demand”)。A、C、D均未提及。
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What materials were used for Dutch-made Japonse rokken?
A. Exclusively Japanese silk.
B. Chinese silk and Indian cloth tailored to European styles.
C. Wool from Dutch sheep.
D. Ottoman cotton fabrics.答案: B
解析: 荷兰产长袍最初用中国丝绸,后期用印度按欧式规格生产的布料(“silk cloth and thread initially from China... cloth produced to European specifications in India”)。A错误,因进口不足;C、D无关。
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Who typically wore Japonse rokken in portraits?
A. Only VOC employees with overseas experience.
B. Dutch elites, including politicians, merchants, and scholars.
C. Exclusively members of the royal family.
D. Poor farmers protesting foreign influence.答案: B
解析: 肖像画中穿长袍者包括市长、学者、商人等本土精英,未必有海外经历(“men who held positions of standing... merchants and traders, lawyers”)。A片面;C、D与原文矛盾。
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What does the indoor portrayal of Japonse rokken suggest?
A. They were uncomfortable for outdoor use.
B. They symbolized intimate domesticity and Dutch adaptation.
C. Dutch winters were too cold for thin robes.
D. The VOC prohibited wearing them publicly.答案: B
解析: 室内穿着暗示长袍成为“家常服”,体现本土化(“intimate indoor space... domestication of the practice”)。A、C、D无依据。
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How did the Japonse rok change in cultural significance over time?
A. It became a symbol of Dutch military power.
B. It transitioned from exotic import to ordinary Dutch clothing.
C. It was abandoned due to religious opposition.
D. It inspired Dutch designers to copy Japanese art entirely.答案: B
解析: 原文强调长袍从“异域洋装”变为“荷兰日常服”(“once exotic becomes ubiquitous, ordinary... ‘Dutch’”)。A、C、D与事实不符。
口语化讲解
荷兰人如何把日式睡衣穿成“国潮”?
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VOC的“代购翻车”:
- 荷兰东印度公司想进口日本丝绸长袍,结果根本不够卖!咋办?自己山寨!
- 操作:用中国丝 → 换印度布 → 甚至直接让印度代工,整出“荷兰特供版”日式袍子。
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精英们的“居家摆拍神器”:
- 市长、律师、老师全在肖像画里穿这袍子,跟现代网红穿浴袍拍Ins一个套路!
- 潜台词:“别看我在家穿睡衣,哥是混上流圈的!”
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从“洋货”到“土味”:
- 初期:穿它=“爷去过日本!”(实际可能连村口都没出)。
- 后期:穿它=“这就是俺们荷兰家居风!”(类似中国人穿秋裤——洋设计,本土魂)。
总结:荷兰人用“山寨+猛穿”把日本袍子变成自家文化符号,证明文化挪用才是第一生产力! 👘➡️🧥
中文翻译
东方地毯在荷兰家居中的本土化
托马斯·希斯肖像画中的桌上铺着一块基尔曼地毯(Kirman carpet),可能产自波斯基尔曼省——16至17世纪最精美地毯的产地之一。地毯与希斯的土耳其服饰、北非战利品共同勾勒出一个异彩纷呈的“异域世界”。然而,细观范·穆舍尔的其他作品(如1679年自画像)会发现,东方地毯频繁出现在其画作中,覆盖桌面或作为画框装饰。事实上,16至17世纪的荷兰绘画中,色彩鲜艳的羊毛或丝绸地毯极为常见:静物画以其为背景衬布,肖像画将其作为桌面覆盖物(如维米尔的《老鸨》《弹琴的女士与绅士》《音乐会》《天文学家》),群像画则用地毯划分空间层次。
这些地毯多从近东进口:希斯脚下的地板毯可能为土耳其乌沙克(Ushak)产的“士麦那地毯”(类似图3的安纳托利亚地毯),其他来源包括埃及、亚美尼亚、叙利亚、波斯、中亚及北印度。它们通过VOC商船从印度苏拉特等港口运抵荷兰,或经奥斯曼帝国陆路贸易(如伊斯坦布尔)输入。朱莉·伯格·霍赫施特拉特(Julie Berger Hochstrasser)的研究表明,这些地毯价格昂贵,拥有一幅绘有地毯的画作往往比拥有实物更经济。
然而,与日式长袍(Japonse rok)类似,17世纪后期荷兰家居中地毯的普及化表明,其功能不止于标榜异域情调,更在于塑造一种荷兰式家居美学。地毯从“异域奢侈品”逐渐蜕变为“本土生活符号”,成为荷兰家庭身份认同的视觉载体。
五道英文单选题 + 答案与解析
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What is the origin of the carpet under Thomas Hees’ feet in the portrait?
A. Woven in the Netherlands using Indian cotton.
B. Imported from Ushak in Anatolia (modern Turkey).
C. Made in China for the VOC’s European clients.
D. A gift from the Ottoman Sultan to Dutch diplomats.答案: B
解析: 原文指出希斯脚下的地毯可能为土耳其乌沙克(Ushak)产的“士麦那地毯”(原文:“Smyrna carpet made in... Ushak”)。A、C、D均为错误产地。
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How were most oriental carpets transported to the Netherlands?
A. Through overland trade routes across Russia.
B. Via VOC ships from Indian Ocean ports like Suratte.
C. By Spanish galleons from the Americas.
D. Smuggled through French merchant networks.答案: B
解析: 地毯主要通过VOC商船从印度苏拉特等港口海运至荷兰(原文:“brought back on VOC ships... purchased in ports along the Indian Ocean”)。A、C、D未提及。
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What does the frequent depiction of carpets in Dutch paintings suggest?
A. Carpets were considered religious symbols.
B. They symbolized both exotic luxury and Dutch domestic identity.
C. Dutch painters lacked creativity in composition.
D. Carpets were primarily used for insulation in cold weather.答案: B
解析: 地毯的普及化既体现异域风情,也塑造荷兰家居美学(原文:“purpose was not only to display otherness... but to show Dutch domesticity”)。A、C、D与原文无关。
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According to Julie Berger Hochstrasser’s research, why might Dutch people own paintings of carpets instead of real ones?
A. Paintings were more durable than fragile carpets.
B. Real oriental carpets were too expensive for most households.
C. Carpets were banned from Dutch homes for religious reasons.
D. Artists offered discounts for including carpets in portraits.答案: B
解析: 研究显示地毯价格昂贵,拥有绘有地毯的画作比实物更经济(原文:“cheaper to own a painting... than to possess such a carpet”)。A、C、D无依据。
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Which artist’s works are mentioned as examples of carpets in Dutch interiors?
A. Rembrandt van Rijn.
B. Johannes Vermeer.
C. Vincent van Gogh.
D. Hieronymus Bosch.答案: B
解析: 维米尔(Vermeer)的《老鸨》《弹琴的女士》等作品均以地毯为标志元素(原文:“Johannes Vermeer’s Procuress, The Lady... feature a prominently placed carpet”)。A、C、D未在文中提及。
口语化解读
荷兰人如何把波斯地毯玩成“客厅标配”?
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进口操作:
- VOC商船从土耳其、波斯、印度狂扫地毯,运回荷兰当奢侈品卖(类似今天代购爱马仕毯子)。
- 现实:真地毯贵到吐血,普通人只能买画过瘾(相当于现代人手机壁纸用豪车图!)。
-
艺术植入:
- 画家们疯狂给地毯刷存在感:铺桌子、挂墙上、当背景——就像现在Ins网红拍照必铺北欧风地毯!
- 小心机:维米尔画中地毯=“我家有矿”的隐形炫富。
-
本土化玄机:
- 初期:波斯毯=“看!爷有路子搞洋货!”(异域标签)。
- 后期:家家画里都有毯=“这就是咱荷兰客厅该有的范儿!”(文化自信)。
总结:荷兰人用“买不起就画,画多了就成传统”的套路,把东方地毯变成自家文化符号! 🧶🖼️
中文翻译
与日式长袍(Japonse rok)类似,17世纪下半叶荷兰家居中地毯的普及化表明,其功能不仅在于彰显异域距离感,更在于塑造一种荷兰式家居风格。
在加布里埃尔·梅苏(Gabriël Metsu,1629–1667)的画作《用餐的男女》中,一对男女坐于桌旁,桌上铺着白布,摆有面包盘、刀与玻璃杯,女子手持陶罐与高脚杯。二人衣着朴素,画面传递出简约低调的家居氛围。桌上的红色地毯细节不多,但笔触暗示其厚实粗犷的织物质感,红蓝黄三色勾勒出宽幅图案。梅苏常在家居画中描绘地毯,甚至可能自藏一块,但地毯的存在并未改变场景的私密、质朴与家常感。地毯的色彩与纹理共同作用:粗粝的织物、随意覆盖的褶皱白麻布、微倾的玻璃杯与搭在地毯上的手,皆强调材质间的物理接触与手触布料的真实感。笔者认为,正是这种低调的家居氛围与触觉感知的结合,使本可归类为“东方地毯”的物件实际融入了场景的“荷兰性”。
五道英文单选题 + 答案与解析
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What dual purpose did oriental carpets serve in 17th-century Dutch interiors?
A. Displaying exoticism and symbolizing Dutch domestic style.
B. Serving as religious artifacts and status symbols.
C. Protecting floors and insulating homes from cold.
D. Demonstrating Dutch military conquests abroad.答案: A
解析: 原文指出地毯既保留异域风情,又塑造荷兰家居美学(“not only to display otherness... but to show Dutch domesticity”)。B、C、D均未提及。
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How does tactile experience contribute to the domestication of carpets in Metsu’s painting?
A. By highlighting their monetary value through luxurious textures.
B. Emphasizing physical contact to integrate them into Dutch identity.
C. Showing their fragility to discourage daily use.
D. Using them exclusively for religious rituals.答案: B
解析: 画中对手触布料、材质互动的描绘强调触觉体验,促使地毯融入本土场景(“physical contact... appropriated into Dutchness”)。A、C、D与描述不符。
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What does Metsu’s depiction of domesticity emphasize?
A. Extravagant displays of wealth.
B. Simple and unpretentious everyday life.
C. Strict adherence to traditional Dutch attire.
D. The influence of Asian religious practices.答案: B
解析: 画中人物衣着朴素,场景私密低调,体现“简约家居氛围”(“simple, unostentatious domesticity”)。A、C、D与画面内容矛盾。
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Why might an ‘oriental carpet’ still be classified as such in Dutch scenes?
A. Dutch weavers copied Persian designs exactly.
B. Its origin remained non-European, despite cultural adaptation.
C. It was exclusively imported from the Ottoman Empire.
D. Dutch artists refused to depict local textiles.答案: B
解析: 地毯虽被本土化,但产地仍属东方(“classified as ‘oriental carpet’”),故保留原名。A、C、D与文中“荷兰生产”和多样来源矛盾。
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What role does physical contact play in the painting’s narrative?
A. It embodies the sensory experience that domesticates foreign goods.
B. It reveals the poor quality of imported carpets.
C. It symbolizes Dutch dominance over foreign cultures.
D. It indicates the artist’s lack of attention to detail.答案: A
解析: 手触地毯、材质互动等细节体现具身体验,促成异域物品的本土化(“sense of touch... identified with Dutchness”)。B、C、D与文意无关。
中文翻译
陶瓷器
回到米希尔·范·穆舍尔的画作[1],托马斯·希斯身后一位少年双手奉上一只带盖陶罐[5]。这是一件带棱纹的镀金光泽陶罐(lusterware),乳白色底釉上饰以金红相间的花朵(可能为郁金香)。此类带盖陶罐在荷兰极为罕见,17世纪绘画中鲜有描绘。此罐与墙上狩猎用具、希斯的异域服饰及随身匕首、彩帕一样,标志着他海外任职期间搜罗的奇珍异宝。但画中双手扶罐的细节再次凸显了触觉体验的重要性。
陶瓷器(尤其是瓷器)的描绘几乎遍及荷兰黄金时代的画作。其釉面光泽、鲜明对比色与优美造型,使其成为当时画家的偏爱题材。画中瓷器多为中日青花瓷,例如以中国明万历帝命名的“万历碗”(Wanli bowl)频繁出现于静物画、厨房场景、宴会图及家居生活画中。瓷器在画中承担多重功能:提供色彩对比、展示画家刻画材质与光影的技艺,并传递复杂寓意——欲望、野心、地位与身份。
尽管画中万历碗等精美瓷器未必直接反映实物持有情况,但1600年后中国与日本瓷器涌入荷兰市场确凿无疑。许多荷兰家庭(甚至中低收入者)都拥有亚洲瓷器。安妮·麦坎茨(Anne McCants)研究显示,18世纪阿姆斯特丹的贫困家庭(包括新移民)中,印度纺织品、中国瓷器及茶、咖啡、巧克力等全球商品流通广泛。显然,17至18世纪间,瓷器已深度融入荷兰家居空间。
五道英文单选题 + 答案与解析
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What does the lidded pot in Thomas Hees’ portrait symbolize?
A. A common Dutch household item.
B. Exotic goods acquired during overseas service.
C. Religious devotion to Asian traditions.
D. The decline of Dutch ceramic production.答案: B
解析: 带盖陶罐与希斯的异域服饰、匕首等共同象征其海外经历(原文:“markers of the exotic goods Hees acquired while serving overseas”)。A错误,因罐子“在荷兰罕见”;C、D未提及。
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Why were Chinese and Japanese porcelains popular in Dutch Golden Age paintings?
A. They were cheaper than local ceramics.
B. They provided visual contrast and symbolic meaning.
C. Dutch painters lacked knowledge of European ceramics.
D. They were exclusively owned by the royal family.答案: B
解析: 瓷器因色彩、光泽及象征意义(地位、欲望)成为画家偏爱题材(原文:“convey a complex set of meanings: desire, ambition, status”)。A与“昂贵”矛盾;C、D与事实不符。
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What does Anne McCants’ research reveal about porcelain ownership?
A. Only wealthy merchants could afford Asian porcelain.
B. Even lower-income households in Amsterdam owned Asian porcelain.
C. Porcelain was banned from immigrant communities.
D. Chinese porcelain replaced all local Dutch ceramics.答案: B
解析: 研究显示阿姆斯特丹贫困家庭及新移民也拥有亚洲瓷器(原文:“circulated surprisingly widely throughout poorer households”)。A与结论矛盾;C、D无依据。
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How does the depiction of hands touching the ceramic pot emphasize its domestication?
A. By showing the fragility of imported goods.
B. Highlighting tactile interaction as a step toward cultural integration.
C. Proving Dutch craftsmanship surpassed Asian techniques.
D. Indicating the pot was used for religious rituals.答案: B
解析: 手部接触细节体现具身体验,促进异域物品的本土化(原文:“flag up the importance of touch”)。A、C、D与文意无关。
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What is a “Wanli bowl” in the context of Dutch paintings?
A. A type of Dutch-made ceramic copied from Japanese designs.
B. A Chinese Ming Dynasty blue-and-white porcelain depicted in still lifes.
C. A ceremonial object used exclusively in royal portraits.
D. A symbol of Dutch military victories in Asia.答案: B
解析: 万历碗是明代中国青花瓷,常见于荷兰静物画(原文:“blue-and-white porcelain bowl named after... Ming China”)。A、C、D错误。
中文翻译
陶瓷器(续)
自首批VOC商船引入中国瓷器后,安特卫普与代尔夫特(Delft)等地的荷兰陶瓷制造商迅速调整产品,模仿中国进口瓷器的样式。代尔夫特陶工开始生产锡釉陶器(tin-glazed ceramics),器型较此前更薄,白底蓝纹的图案设计直接效仿中日瓷器。这种仿制是双向的:荷兰陶工借鉴亚洲风格的同时,中日陶工也根据欧洲市场需求调整器型与纹样。这一过程在荷兰语中称为“wisselwerkingen”(双向互动),英语中则称“interculturation”(文化互化)。
以一件18世纪初代尔夫特产的带盖陶瓷盒为例[6],其整体造型与满铺的彩绘装饰明显受日本瓷器启发。盒身窄板条设计可能源自木桶结构,而日本原版瓷器盒本身又是对木制容器的模仿(连捆扎木桶的绳索细节也以陶瓷呈现)。代尔夫特陶工通过吸收异域设计元素,为荷兰市场创造出全新产品,再次印证了“文化互化”的动态过程。
五道英文单选题 + 答案与解析
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Why did Delft potters change their ceramic designs in the 17th century?
A. To reduce production costs.
B. To imitate Chinese and Japanese porcelain styles.
C. To comply with religious restrictions on colorful art.
D. To replace imported Asian ceramics entirely.答案: B
解析: 代尔夫特陶工调整设计以模仿中日瓷器(原文:“adjust... to look more like Chinese imports... inspired by Asia”)。A、C未提及;D错误,因目标是仿制而非取代。
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What does the term “wisselwerkingen” refer to in Dutch ceramics history?
A. The decline of Asian influence on European art.
B. Mutual adaptation between Dutch and Asian ceramic designs.
C. A technique for glazing pottery with tin.
D. The VOC’s monopoly on porcelain trade.答案: B
解析: “wisselwerkingen”指荷兰与亚洲陶工的双向文化互动(原文:“multiple flows in both directions”)。A与事实相反;C、D为无关概念。
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What feature of the Delft ceramic box [Fig 6] shows Japanese influence?
A. Its use of pure gold decorations.
B. The narrow panel design reminiscent of wooden buckets.
C. A lid shaped like a Dutch windmill.
D. Exclusively blue-and-white color scheme.答案: B
解析: 盒身窄板条设计源自日本对木桶的模仿(原文:“narrow panels reminiscent of wooden staves of a bucket”)。A、D未提及;C为无关元素。
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How did Asian potters respond to European market demands?
A. They stopped using traditional designs entirely.
B. They adapted shapes and patterns to appeal to Dutch buyers.
C. They refused to trade with VOC merchants.
D. They focused solely on domestic ceramic styles.答案: B
解析: 中日陶工根据欧洲需求调整设计(原文:“Chinese/Japanese potters took shapes from European examples for Dutch market”)。A、D与“双向影响”矛盾;C与史实不符。
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What concept is exemplified by the Delft-Japan ceramic design exchange?
A. Cultural appropriation.
B. Interculturation (mutual cultural adaptation).
C. Economic imperialism.
D. Religious syncretism.答案: B
解析: 这一过程被称为“interculturation”(文化互化),强调双向影响。A(单向挪用)不全面;C、D与主题无关。
术语对照表
英文术语 | 中文译名 | 定义 |
---|---|---|
Tin-glazed ceramics | 锡釉陶器 | 代尔夫特产陶器,表面覆锡釉模仿瓷器光泽 |
Wisselwerkingen | 双向互动 | 荷兰语,指文化元素的双向交流 |
Interculturation | 文化互化 | 不同文化相互借鉴、融合的动态过程 |
Gadroon-shaped | 瓜棱形 | 器身带凹凸棱纹的造型,常见于仿木桶设计 |
关键结论
- 模仿与创新:荷兰陶工通过仿制亚洲瓷器,推动本土陶瓷产业升级(如代尔夫特蓝陶)。
- 双向影响:文化互化(interculturation)超越单向“东方主义”,形成设计语言的全球循环。
- 物质文化流动:一件陶瓷器的造型可能经历“木桶(亚洲)→ 瓷器(日本)→ 锡陶(荷兰)”的跨文化旅程。
中文翻译
家具
托马斯·希斯的左臂倚在一把覆有天鹅绒的红木扶手椅上。此类椅子在17世纪荷兰并不常见,再次印证了画作对异域元素的强调。17世纪上半叶,荷兰家居中最流行的是“西班牙椅”——木质椅身,以装饰钉固定织物或软垫。这类椅子通常靠墙摆放。随着VOC引入乌木、柚木等热带硬木,17至18世纪,荷兰家具(如桌椅、橱柜、镜框)开始采用深色高光木材。彼得·德·霍赫(Pieter de Hooch)1663年画作中的亚麻橱柜即由橡木与乌木镶嵌制成。来自巴西、非洲、印度与印尼的木材改变了欧洲家具业,设计师以几何与花卉镶嵌纹样掩盖木材的异域来源。荷兰与英国家具匠凭借亚洲硬木的品质提升工艺。
荷兰不仅进口木材,还直接引入亚洲制作的家具。VOC官员作为殖民管理者,在亚洲当地定制家具以装饰办公与居住空间,此类家具被称为“殖民地家具”或“公司家具”。它们以乌木等本土硬木制成,椅座为藤编,椅背与座面留空以适应热带气候,并饰以螺纹雕刻与花卉浮雕。荷兰人将锡兰(今斯里兰卡)与科罗曼德尔海岸的精雕椅运往巴达维亚(今雅加达),同时提供乌木、柚木供当地中印工匠使用。巴达维亚产的椅子装饰较印度版简约(仅花卉叶片,无动物纹样),其“混血”特质使分类困难——木材从印度运至印尼,由华工按殖民者要求制作,最终输往荷兰,成为荷兰殖民亚洲的物质遗产。
图7的扶手椅即18世纪初巴达维亚华工为荷兰殖民者定制的典型(椅座藤编,高114cm)。此类椅子在荷英两国需求旺盛,VOC常将其返销欧洲。藤编椅取代西班牙软垫椅的流行,因藤编材料成本低且透气性佳(适合炎热气候)。藤编触感(手扶椅臂、背部与臀部接触)让使用者感知其材质特性,观画者亦可想象其体验。这种具身体验(无论是实际使用或视觉联想)使椅子及其材料融入本土语境。
五道英文单选题 + 答案与解析
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What was a key advantage of caned chairs over upholstered ‘Spanish chairs’ in tropical climates?
A. They were more durable in humid conditions.
B. They allowed better air circulation to reduce sweating.
C. They could be folded for easy storage.
D. They symbolized higher social status.答案: B
解析: 藤编椅的透气性适合炎热气候(原文:“aided circulation around body parts prone to sweating”)。A、C未提及;D与“低成本”矛盾。
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How did Dutch colonial furniture reflect hybrid cultural influences?
A. Combining Asian materials, Chinese craftsmanship, and European designs.
B. Using exclusively European wood species for all components.
C. Replicating traditional Dutch designs without modification.
D. Avoiding any decorative carvings to minimize costs.答案: A
解析: 殖民地家具融合亚洲木材、华工技艺与殖民者需求(原文:“made from woods imported... crafted by Chinese workers to colonial specifications”)。B、C与“热带硬木”和本土化设计矛盾;D错误,因提及雕刻装饰。
-
Why was ebony particularly valued by European furniture makers?
A. It was lighter than oak and easier to carve.
B. Its deep color and glossy finish enhanced aesthetic appeal.
C. It resisted insect damage better than teak.
D. It could only be sourced from African colonies.答案: B
解析: 乌木因深色高光质感受青睐(原文:“tropical hardwoods with deep colors and high gloss finish”)。A错误,乌木密度高;C、D未提及。
-
What role did the VOC play in the furniture trade?
A. Transporting both raw materials and finished furniture between Asia and Europe.
B. Banning the use of Asian designs in Dutch workshops.
C. Exclusively focusing on tea and spice imports.
D. Promoting Spanish-style chairs over colonial designs.答案: A
解析: VOC进口木材并将亚洲制家具返销欧洲(原文:“imported woods... shipped back by VOC”)。B、D与殖民家具流行矛盾;C片面。
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How did the design of Batavian-made chairs differ from Indian examples?
A. They used softer woods like pine.
B. They featured simpler carvings (e.g., flowers vs. animals).
C. They were painted in bright polychrome colors.
D. They lacked any openings for ventilation.答案: B
解析: 巴达维亚椅装饰较印度版简约,以花卉取代动物纹(原文:“simpler carving, usually only flowers and leaves”)。A、C、D与文中描述不符。
术语对照表
英文术语 | 中文译名 | 定义 |
---|---|---|
Ebony/Teak | 乌木/柚木 | 热带硬木,用于高档家具 |
Cane/Rattan | 藤编 | 植物纤维编织的座椅材料 |
Colonial furniture | 殖民地家具 | 亚洲生产、融合多元文化的欧式家具 |
Twist-turning | 螺纹雕刻 | 螺旋状装饰性木雕工艺 |
关键结论
- 材料流动:VOC推动木材与成品家具的跨洋贸易,形成“亚洲材料→殖民地生产→欧洲消费”链条。
- 设计融合:殖民地家具兼具实用(藤编透气)与美学(雕刻纹样),体现文化杂糅(hybridity)。
- 感官体验:藤编触感与视觉联想促成家具的本土化接受,印证“具身体验”在物质文化中的核心作用。
中文翻译
全球化材料与荷兰身份的融合:以图8-9盒子为例
图8与图9中的盒子为我们提供了全球化材料如何融入“荷兰”物质文化的最终例证[8, 9]。此盒集多元地理来源的材料、设计与工艺于一体:由巴达维亚(今雅加达)的华裔工匠以中国花梨木(huali wood,即紫檀木)与安汶岛(Amboyna)椴木制成,并饰以中国纹样的银饰。这类被称为“VOC银器”或“巴达维亚银器”的装饰材料,其银矿可能来自中国(当时白银需求旺盛)或西班牙美洲的波托西银矿。
尽管此盒的材料与工艺具有全球性,但一旦作为成品诞生,其异域背景便被隐去,开启作为“荷兰物品”的生命历程:它经手亚洲殖民者(掌握生产链与原材料),最终抵达荷兰消费者手中。即便我们不知晓具体使用者,盒内锁孔周围的磨损、内盖划痕与银边凹痕皆显露使用痕迹。笔者认为,正是这种触摸与占有的具身体验,消解了其外来成分,使其成为荷兰物质文化的一部分。
五道英文单选题 + 答案与解析
-
What materials were used to create the box in Figures 8-9?
A. Ebony from Africa and teak from India.
B. Chinese huali wood, Amboyna satinwood, and possibly Potosí silver.
C. Dutch oak and Spanish leather.
D. Japanese lacquer and Indonesian rattan.答案: B
解析: 原文明确材料包括中国花梨木、安汶椴木及可能源自波托西的银饰(“Chinese huali wood... silver mined in Potosí”)。A、C、D为错误组合。
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Why is the box considered a “Dutch object” despite its global origins?
A. It was designed entirely by Dutch craftsmen.
B. Its ownership and embodied use integrated it into Dutch material culture.
C. All components were sourced from Dutch colonies.
D. It bears the official VOC seal as proof of origin.答案: B
解析: 盒子的荷兰属性源于殖民者占有与使用痕迹的本土化过程(“embodied experience... makes it a Dutch object”)。A、C与制作背景矛盾;D未提及。
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What evidence suggests the box was frequently used?
A. A hidden compartment containing colonial documents.
B. Scratches on the inner lid and dents in the silver edging.
C. Faded Dutch national symbols painted on the surface.
D. A handwritten label indicating ownership by the VOC.答案: B
解析: 使用痕迹体现为内盖划痕与银边凹痕(“damage around the lock... scratches on the inside”)。A、C、D文中未提及。
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Which term best describes the production process of the box?
A. Cultural appropriation.
B. Transnational collaboration (Asian materials + Chinese craftsmanship + European demand).
C. Religious syncretism.
D. Industrial mass production.答案: B
解析: 盒子融合中国木材、华工技艺与荷兰殖民需求,体现跨国协作。A(单向挪用)不全面;C、D与手工定制背景不符。
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What role did silver play in the box’s decoration?
A. It was purely symbolic, representing Dutch naval power.
B. It combined Chinese motifs with globally sourced materials (possibly from the Americas).
C. It replaced traditional wood carvings to reduce costs.
D. It proved the superiority of European metalworking techniques.答案: B
解析: 银饰采用中国纹样,但原料可能跨洋来自美洲(“silver decorated with Chinese motifs... mined in Potosí”)。A、C、D无依据。
术语对照表
英文术语 | 中文译名 | 定义 |
---|---|---|
Huali wood (Padauk) | 花梨木(紫檀木) | 中国产珍贵硬木,用于高档家具 |
Amboyna satinwood | 安汶椴木 | 印尼安汶岛产椴木,纹理细腻 |
VOC silver | VOC银器 | 荷属东印度公司流通的银制装饰品 |
Embodied experience | 具身体验 | 通过感官互动(触摸、使用)实现文化内化 |
关键结论
- 物质流动的隐形性:全球化材料(木材、银矿)经加工后,其异域来源被成品形态掩盖。
- 殖民权力的物质化:盒子作为殖民者控制生产链(资源、劳动力、消费)的物证。
- 本土化机制:日常使用痕迹(磨损、划痕)成为文化归属的核心依据,超越地理起源。
中文翻译
结论
本文探讨的各类物质文化案例——从日式长袍(Japonse rok)、土耳其地毯,到陶瓷碗、椅子与银饰盒——均以不同方式展现了“异域性”。因其产地、材质或工艺,这些物品具有全球流通轨迹。它们的异域光环使其成为荷兰视觉文化中的理想展示对象,范·穆舍尔笔下的托马斯·希斯肖像即印证了这种对“域外物质世界”的渴望与可视化。
然而,这些物品也通过多种途径融入了近代早期荷兰的家居领域。本文试图证明,本土化过程的核心机制在于身体接触。视觉与触觉的具身体验(本质上是“占有”的两种形式)重塑了全球物品,将其全球性转化为“荷兰性”。尽管具身体验在物质文化研究中的重要性尚未被充分关注,但每个案例均表明,物理接触与感官消费在赋予物品本土意义的过程中至关重要。观看、穿戴与触摸的行为,共同构建了一个既全球又本土、既异域又最终归于荷兰的近代早期物质世界。
五道英文单选题 + 答案与解析
-
What is the main argument of the essay’s conclusion?
A. Global goods remained entirely foreign in Dutch culture.
B. Embodied experiences (vision, touch) transformed exotic goods into Dutch identity.
C. Dutch material culture rejected all foreign influences after the 17th century.
D. Only wealthy elites could access imported goods.答案: B
解析: 结论强调具身体验(视觉、触觉)是本土化的核心(原文:“bodily experiences... transform globality into Dutchness”)。A、C与论点矛盾;D未提及。
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Which term best describes the process of integrating global goods into Dutch culture?
A. Cultural appropriation.
B. Domestication through bodily proximity.
C. Economic imperialism.
D. Religious syncretism.答案: B
解析: 文中使用“domestication”一词,并通过“身体接触”机制实现(原文:“domestication occurred through bodily proximity”)。A、C、D未作为核心术语出现。
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How does the portrait of Thomas Hees exemplify the essay’s argument?
A. It depicts only traditional Dutch clothing.
B. It showcases exotic goods made desirable through visual display.
C. It criticizes Dutch colonial practices.
D. It proves the Netherlands’ cultural isolation.答案: B
解析: 希斯肖像通过异域物品的视觉呈现体现其吸引力(原文:“exemplifies desirability/visibility of material worlds beyond the Republic”)。A、D与画中元素矛盾;C无依据。
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What aspect of material culture has been overlooked in previous studies according to the author?
A. The economic value of imported goods.
B. The role of embodied experience in cultural adaptation.
C. The religious symbolism of foreign artifacts.
D. The technical craftsmanship of Dutch artisans.答案: B
解析: 作者指出具身体验的重要性此前未被充分探讨(原文:“embodied experience has not been used as a way of thinking...”)。A、C、D未在结论中强调。
-
What dual identity do domesticated global goods acquire in the Dutch context?
A. Sacred and profane.
B. Global and domestic, exotic yet Dutch.
C. Ancient and modern.
D. Rural and urban.答案: B
解析: 结论明确物品兼具全球性与本土性(原文:“a material world that is global as well as domestic, exotic yet Dutch”)。其他选项未在结论中体现。
总结
- 核心术语:具身体验(embodied experience)、本土化(domestication)、荷兰性(Dutchness)。
- 方法论:通过感官互动(视觉、触觉)分析物质文化的身份转化。
- 历史意义:揭示全球化早期阶段文化认同的动态构建,超越“中心-边缘”二元对立。
1.Who is Thomas Hees? Why is this painting important? or what can we learn from this painting about the transmission of early-modern materials?
2. In the second part of the paper, Gerritsen makes an important claim about early modern globalization. What is it? How is her claim different from earlier research?
3. Why did Gerritsen choose 17th-century Dutch Republic to study early modern globalization?
1. Who is Thomas Hees? Why is this painting important? What can we learn from this painting about the transmission of early-modern materials?
中文回答:
托马斯·希斯(Thomas Hees)是17世纪荷兰共和国的外交官,代表荷兰议会(States General)出使北非的阿尔及尔、突尼斯和的黎波里等地,负责与奥斯曼政府谈判和平条约以保护荷兰航运免受海盗威胁。范·穆舍尔(Michiel van Musscher)为其绘制的群像肖像通过异域服饰(土耳其长袍)、东方地毯、阿拉伯书籍、非洲仆人等元素,展现了希斯的全球经历和物质收藏。
重要性:这幅画作是研究早期现代全球物质文化流动的珍贵视觉证据。它不仅反映了荷兰黄金时代对异域商品的渴求,还揭示了这些“全球物品”如何通过身体接触(如穿戴、触摸)和视觉展示融入荷兰本土身份。画中物件的布局(如手扶陶瓷罐、脚踏地毯)强调了触觉体验在文化适应中的关键作用。
English Answer:
Thomas Hees was a 17th-century Dutch diplomat who negotiated peace treaties with Ottoman governments in North Africa (Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli) to protect Dutch shipping from corsairs. His portrait by Michiel van Musscher depicts him surrounded by global objects: Turkish clothing, Oriental carpets, Arabic books, and an African servant.
Significance: This painting is a key visual document of early modern globalization. It reveals how Dutch elites integrated exotic goods into their identity through embodied experiences (wearing, touching) and visual display. The tactile interaction with objects (e.g., hands on ceramics, feet on carpets) highlights the role of sensory engagement in cultural domestication.
2. Gerritsen’s Claim about Early Modern Globalization
中文回答:
核心主张:格里岑(Gerritsen)提出,早期现代全球化的物质文化本土化过程并非仅通过贸易网络或经济交换实现,而是依赖于具身体验(embodied experiences)——即视觉、触觉等感官互动。全球物品通过日常使用(如穿戴、触摸)和家居展示,逐渐被赋予本土意义,最终成为荷兰身份的一部分。
与先前研究的不同:传统研究多聚焦于经济史(如VOC的贸易网络)或符号象征(如异域主义),而格里岑强调感官实践在文化适应中的核心作用。她指出,物品的“荷兰性”(Dutchness)并非源于其地理起源,而是通过身体与物件的亲密接触建构的。
English Answer:
Gerritsen’s Claim: Gerritsen argues that the domestication of global goods in the early modern Netherlands was driven by embodied experiences—sensory interactions like seeing, touching, and wearing. Objects gained local significance through daily use and domestic display, transforming them into markers of Dutch identity.
Difference from Earlier Research: Previous studies focused on economic networks (e.g., VOC trade) or symbolic exoticism. Gerritsen shifts the focus to sensory practices, showing that “Dutchness” emerged not from an object’s origin but from bodily proximity and tactile engagement.
3. Why Study the 17th-Century Dutch Republic for Early Modern Globalization?
中文回答:
格里岑选择17世纪荷兰共和国作为研究案例,原因包括:
- 全球贸易枢纽:荷兰是当时欧洲的贸易中心,VOC(荷兰东印度公司)建立了跨洲贸易网络,大量异域商品(如中国瓷器、印度纺织品)涌入荷兰市场。
- 物质流动的典型:荷兰社会各阶层广泛接触全球商品,从精英收藏到平民家用,形成了独特的“全球-本土”混合文化。
- 视觉记录丰富:荷兰黄金时代的绘画(静物画、肖像画)细致记录了全球物品在家居中的使用,为分析感官体验提供了独特史料。
- 社会流动性:荷兰的市民社会和中产阶级崛起,使得异域物品不仅是精英特权,也成为大众身份建构的工具。
English Answer:
Gerritsen chose the 17th-century Dutch Republic because:
- Global Trade Hub: The Dutch Republic was Europe’s commercial center, with the VOC importing vast quantities of exotic goods (e.g., Chinese porcelain, Indian textiles).
- Material Hybridity: Global objects permeated all social strata, creating a culture that blended global and local elements.
- Visual Documentation: Dutch Golden Age paintings meticulously depicted domestic interiors, offering rare insights into sensory interactions with global goods.
- Social Fluidity: The rise of a merchant class allowed exotic items to become tools for identity-building across social groups, not just elites.
4. What are “Embodied Experience” and “Global Goods”?
中文回答:
- 具身体验(Embodied Experience):格里岑用这一概念指代通过感官互动(如视觉、触觉、穿戴)与物品建立的亲密关系。她认为,全球物品的本土化并非仅通过经济或符号意义完成,而是通过身体与物件的日常接触(如触摸陶瓷罐、坐在藤编椅上、穿戴异域服饰),逐渐消解其异域性,使其成为使用者身份的一部分。例如,荷兰精英穿着日式长袍(Japonse rok)时,通过身体的触感与视觉展示,将这件“全球物品”转化为本土身份符号。
- 全球物品(Global Goods):指通过早期现代贸易网络(如VOC)流通的、具有多地域来源和文化混合性的物品。这些物品的材质、设计或制作过程跨越地理边界(如中国瓷器、土耳其地毯、印尼藤编家具),但其最终意义通过本土使用被重塑。例如,中国青花瓷“万历碗”在荷兰静物画中既是异域符号,又成为荷兰家庭品味的标志。
English Answer:
- Embodied Experience: Gerritsen defines this as sensory engagement (seeing, touching, wearing) that integrates global objects into local identity. For instance, Dutch elites wearing the Japonse rok (Japanese-style gown) transformed its exoticism into a marker of Dutchness through tactile and visual familiarity.
- Global Goods: Objects with transnational origins (e.g., Chinese porcelain, Turkish carpets) circulated via trade networks like the VOC. Their hybrid designs and materials (e.g., Indonesian rattan chairs, silver-mounted boxes made in Batavia) embodied global connections but gained local meaning through domestic use.
5. Linking Domestic Space to the Global World: Examples and Analysis
中文回答:
格里岑认为,家庭空间是全球与本土的交汇点。全球物品通过在家居环境中的日常使用和感官互动,被赋予本土意义。具体例子包括:
- 日式长袍(Japonse Rok):原本是日本服饰,但荷兰精英将其作为家居服穿着。通过身体接触(穿戴)和家庭场景的视觉呈现(如肖像画),它从“异域奇珍”变为“荷兰精英身份”的象征。
- 藤编椅子:使用印尼藤条制成,因其透气性适合热带气候,但荷兰人将其引入家庭后,通过触觉体验(坐感)和视觉联想(画中描绘),使其成为“舒适家居”的代名词。
- 土耳其地毯:尽管产自奥斯曼帝国,但在荷兰静物画中常作为餐桌布或背景,通过日常触摸(手扶桌面)和色彩对比,融入荷兰家庭美学。
- 银饰盒:由华工在印尼用中国木材和美洲白银制成,但通过殖民者占有和家庭使用(锁具磨损、内盖划痕),成为荷兰家庭传承的“传家宝”。
关键逻辑:家庭空间中的身体接触(如坐、触摸、穿戴)和视觉展示(如绘画中的布局)将全球物品的异域性“自然化”,使其成为本土生活不可分割的部分。
English Answer:
Gerritsen argues that domestic spaces naturalized global goods through sensory practices. Key examples:
- Japonse Rok: Worn indoors by Dutch elites, this Japanese-inspired gown became a marker of local status through tactile familiarity and portraits.
- Rattan Chairs: Made with Indonesian materials, their breathable design was adapted to Dutch interiors. Paintings depicted their use, linking them to comfort and domesticity.
- Turkish Carpets: Displayed on tables in Dutch paintings, their tactile presence (hands resting on them) and vibrant colors integrated them into domestic aesthetics.
- Silver-Mounted Box: Crafted in Batavia with Chinese wood and Potosí silver, its wear marks from use (scratches, dents) turned it into a Dutch heirloom.
Core Mechanism: Bodily proximity (sitting, touching) and visual domestication (display in paintings) transformed global objects’ exotic origins into an unremarkable part of Dutch daily life.
Globalization Beyond the 18th/19th Century: Embodied Experience and Domestic Space
格里岑的研究颠覆了传统上将全球化视为18/19世纪工业化产物的观点,提出早期现代全球化(16-17世纪)已通过物质文化的流动深刻塑造了日常生活。以下从三个层面解析其核心观点:
1. Globalization Through "Embodied Experience"
核心概念:
- 具身体验(Embodied Experience):指通过感官互动(触摸、穿戴、使用)与物品建立亲密关系的过程。全球化并非抽象的经济网络,而是通过身体与物件的直接接触实现文化适应。
- 例子:荷兰人穿戴日式长袍(Japonse rok)时,衣料与皮肤的摩擦、袍服垂坠的触感,使其从“异域服饰”逐渐转化为“舒适家居服”,最终成为本土身份的延伸。
意义:这一视角将全球化研究从“宏观贸易”转向“微观体验”,强调身体是文化翻译的媒介。
2. Domestic Space as a Global-Local Nexus
家庭空间的双重性:
- 全球性:荷兰家庭中的物品(如土耳其地毯、中国瓷器)通过VOC贸易网跨越地理边界,材质与设计承载多元文化基因。
- 本土性:这些物品通过家庭环境中的日常使用(如地毯铺桌、瓷器盛放水果)被赋予新意义,异域性在触觉与视觉中消解。
例子:
- 藤编椅子:产自印尼,透气设计原为适应热带气候,但荷兰人通过日常坐卧的触感,将其重构为“舒适家居”的符号(图7)。
- 银饰盒:中国木材+美洲白银+华工技艺的混合产物,但锁具的磨损痕迹(图8-9)使其成为荷兰家庭传承的“传家宝”。
关键机制:亲密性(Proximity)与触觉(Touch)将全球物品“自然化”为家庭空间的一部分。
3. Domesticating "Global Goods": Competing Identities
“双重身份竞争”理论:
格里岑指出,全球物品始终携带多重文化身份(如中国瓷器的亚洲工艺+荷兰静物画的象征意义),但在本土化过程中,这些身份通过身体体验被重新排序:
- 例1:土耳其地毯在荷兰绘画中既是异域战利品,又是构图工具(图3-4)。其“奥斯曼身份”逐渐让位于“荷兰美学”功能。
- 例2:代尔夫特蓝陶(Delftware)模仿中国青花瓷,却在欧洲语境中成为“荷兰工艺”的代表(图6)。
结论:全球物品的“荷兰性”并非取代其全球根源,而是通过感官实践(使用、展示)将多重身份整合为本土叙事。
与传统全球化理论的差异
传统观点 | 格里岑的挑战 |
---|---|
全球化=19世纪工业资本主义产物 | 全球化始于早期现代贸易与物质流动(16-17世纪) |
物质文化研究侧重经济网络/符号象征 | 聚焦身体体验与家庭空间的微观互动 |
文化适应=单向“西方化”或“东方化” | 本土化是多重文化基因的竞争与融合 |
总结
格里岑的框架重新定义了全球化研究:
- 时间上:将全球化起点前推至荷兰黄金时代。
- 空间上:揭示家庭作为全球-本土冲突与融合的战场。
- 方法论上:以感官体验颠覆“经济决定论”,主张物质文化的身份是动态、可塑的。