代码随想录算法训练Day30|LeetCode51-N皇后、LeetCode37-解数独

N皇后

题目描述

力扣51-N皇后

按照国际象棋的规则，皇后可以攻击与之处在同一行或同一列或同一斜线上的棋子。

n 皇后问题 研究的是如何将 n 个皇后放置在 n×n 的棋盘上，并且使皇后彼此之间不能相互攻击。

给你一个整数 n ，返回所有不同的 n 皇后问题 的解决方案。

每一种解法包含一个不同的 n 皇后问题 的棋子放置方案，该方案中 'Q' 和 '.' 分别代表了皇后和空位。

示例 1：

输入：n = 4
输出：[[".Q..","...Q","Q...","..Q."],["..Q.","Q...","...Q",".Q.."]]
解释：如上图所示，4 皇后问题存在两个不同的解法。

示例 2：

输入：n = 1
输出：[["Q"]]

可以看出，二维矩阵中矩阵的高就是这棵树的高度，矩阵的宽就是树形结构中每一个节点的宽度。

那么我们用皇后们的约束条件，来回溯搜索这棵树，只要搜索到了树的叶子节点，说明就找到了皇后们的合理位置了

class Solution {
    List<List<String>> res = new ArrayList<>();

    public List<List<String>> solveNQueens(int n) {
        char[][] chessboard = new char[n][n];
        for (char[] c : chessboard) {
            Arrays.fill(c, '.');// 先填满棋盘
        }
        backTrack(n, 0, chessboard);
        return res;
    }

    public void backTrack(int n, int row, char[][] chessboard) {
        if (row == n) {
            res.add(Array2List(chess board));
            return;
        }

        for (int col = 0;col < n; ++col) {
            if (isValid (row, col, n, chessboard)) {
                chessboard[row][col] = 'Q';
                backTrack(n, row+1, chessboard) ;
                chessboard[row][col] = '.';
            }
        }

    }

    public List Array2List(char[][] chessboard) {// 将二位字符数组转化为List
        List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();

        for (char[] c : chessboard) {
            list.add(String.copyValueOf(c));
        }
        return list;
    }

    public boolean isValid(int row, int col, int n, char[][] chessboard) {// 填充合法性的判断
        // 检查列
        for (int i = 0; i < row; ++i) { // 相当于剪枝
            if (chessboard[i][col] == 'Q') {
                return false;
            }
        }

        // 检查45度对角线
        for (int i = row - 1, j = col - 1; i >= 0 && j >= 0; i--, j--) {
            if (chessboard[i][j] == 'Q') {
                return false;
            }
        }

        // 检查135度对角线
        for (int i = row - 1, j = col + 1; i >= 0 && j <= n - 1; i--, j++) {
            if (chessboard[i][j] == 'Q') {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }
}

解数独

题目描述

与n皇后的区别：n皇后明确说了每一行只能有一个皇后，所以你一行放成功了，就直接下一行，就直接进入下层的递归，而解数独，由于要每一行都要填，所以两次for去遍历，如果一个放成功了，就放右边的一个，也就是进入下层递归，直至最后一次递归发现填完了，也就是该返回最后的那一个true了，如果遇到了false，则不进入下次递归了，证明这次递归填的数有问题，还原后，继续填char的下一个，套娃到结果

力扣37-解数独

编写一个程序，通过填充空格来解决数独问题。

数独的解法需 遵循如下规则：

1. 数字 1-9 在每一行只能出现一次。
2. 数字 1-9 在每一列只能出现一次。
3. 数字 1-9 在每一个以粗实线分隔的 3x3 宫内只能出现一次。（请参考示例图）

数独部分空格内已填入了数字，空白格用 '.' 表示。

示例 1：

输入：board = [["5","3",".",".","7",".",".",".","."],["6",".",".","1","9","5",".",".","."],[".","9","8",".",".",".",".","6","."],["8",".",".",".","6",".",".",".","3"],["4",".",".","8",".","3",".",".","1"],["7",".",".",".","2",".",".",".","6"],[".","6",".",".",".",".","2","8","."],[".",".",".","4","1","9",".",".","5"],[".",".",".",".","8",".",".","7","9"]]
输出：[["5","3","4","6","7","8","9","1","2"],["6","7","2","1","9","5","3","4","8"],["1","9","8","3","4","2","5","6","7"],["8","5","9","7","6","1","4","2","3"],["4","2","6","8","5","3","7","9","1"],["7","1","3","9","2","4","8","5","6"],["9","6","1","5","3","7","2","8","4"],["2","8","7","4","1","9","6","3","5"],["3","4","5","2","8","6","1","7","9"]]
解释：输入的数独如上图所示，唯一有效的解决方案如下所示：

解题思路

回溯算法二维递归

/**
     * 判断棋盘是否合法有如下三个维度:
     *     同行是否重复
     *     同列是否重复
     *     9宫格里是否重复
     */
    private boolean isValidSudoku(int row, int col, char val, char[][] board){
        // 同行是否重复
        for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++){
            if (board[row][i] == val){
                return false;
            }
        }
        // 同列是否重复
        for (int j = 0; j < 9; j++){
            if (board[j][col] == val){
                return false;
            }
        }
        // 9宫格里是否重复
        int startRow = (row / 3) * 3;
        int startCol = (col / 3) * 3;
        for (int i = startRow; i < startRow + 3; i++){
            for (int j = startCol; j < startCol + 3; j++){
                if (board[i][j] == val){
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

ps:部分图片和代码来自代码随想录和Leetcode官网