Linux 任务调度

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分类专栏：进程管理文章标签： linux 运维服务器进程管理任务调度

于 2022-01-26 11:10:22 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/mabin2005/article/details/122695950

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本文包含任务调度官方文档和网络上其他文档：

sched(7) - Linux manual pagehttps://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/sched.7.html

调度的基本概念：   
Scheduling policies
       The scheduler is the kernel component that decides which runnable
       thread will be executed by the CPU next.  Each thread has an
       associated scheduling policy and a static scheduling priority,
       sched_priority.  The scheduler makes its decisions based on
       knowledge of the scheduling policy and static priority of all
       threads on the system.

调度策略可以分为三类：普通调度策略、实时调度策略和限期完成调度策略：
For threads scheduled under one of the normal scheduling policies
       (SCHED_OTHER, SCHED_IDLE, SCHED_BATCH), sched_priority is not
       used in scheduling decisions (it must be specified as 0).

 Processes scheduled under one of the real-time policies
       (SCHED_FIFO, SCHED_RR) have a sched_priority value in the range 1
       (low) to 99 (high).  (As the numbers imply, real-time threads
       always have higher priority than normal threads.)        
Conceptually, the scheduler maintains a list of runnable threads
       for each possible sched_priority value.  In order to determine
       which thread runs next, the scheduler looks for the nonempty list
       with the highest static priority and selects the thread at the
       head of this list.

6个策略的详细说明：

 SCHED_FIFO: First in-first out scheduling
       SCHED_FIFO can be used only with static priorities higher than 0,
       which means that when a SCHED_FIFO thread becomes runnable, it
       will always immediately preempt any currently running
       SCHED_OTHER, SCHED_BATCH, or SCHED_IDLE thread.  SCHED_FIFO is a
       simple scheduling algorithm without time slicing.

SCHED_RR: Round-robin scheduling
       SCHED_RR is a simple enhancement of SCHED_FIFO.  Everything
       described above for SCHED_FIFO also applies to SCHED_RR, except
       that each thread is allowed to run only for a maximum time
       quantum.  If a SCHED_RR thread has been running for a time period
       equal to or longer than the time quantum, it will be put at the
       end of the list for its priority.  A SCHED_RR thread that has
       been preempted by a higher priority thread and subsequently
       resumes execution as a running thread will complete the unexpired
       portion of its round-robin time quantum.  The length of the time
       quantum can be retrieved using sched_rr_get_interval(2).

 SCHED_DEADLINE: Sporadic task model deadline scheduling
       Since version 3.14, Linux provides a deadline scheduling policy
       (SCHED_DEADLINE).  This policy is currently implemented using
       GEDF (Global Earliest Deadline First) in conjunction with CBS
       (Constant Bandwidth Server).

 SCHED_OTHER: Default Linux time-sharing scheduling
       SCHED_OTHER can be used at only static priority 0 (i.e., threads
       under real-time policies always have priority over SCHED_OTHER
       processes).  SCHED_OTHER is the standard Linux time-sharing
       scheduler that is intended for all threads that do not require
       the special real-time mechanisms.

       The thread to run is chosen from the static priority 0 list based
       on a dynamic priority that is determined only inside this list.
       The dynamic priority is based on the nice value (see below) and
       is increased for each time quantum the thread is ready to run,
       but denied to run by the scheduler.  This ensures fair progress
       among all SCHED_OTHER threads.

       In the Linux kernel source code, the SCHED_OTHER policy is
       actually named SCHED_NORMAL.

 SCHED_BATCH: Scheduling batch processes
       (Since Linux 2.6.16.)  SCHED_BATCH can be used only at static
       priority 0.  This policy is similar to SCHED_OTHER in that it
       schedules the thread according to its dynamic priority (based on
       the nice value).  The difference is that this policy will cause
       the scheduler to always assume that the thread is CPU-intensive.
       Consequently, the scheduler will apply a small scheduling penalty
       with respect to wakeup behavior, so that this thread is mildly
       disfavored in scheduling decisions.

       This policy is useful for workloads that are noninteractive, but
       do not want to lower their nice value, and for workloads that
       want a deterministic scheduling policy without interactivity
       causing extra preemptions (between the workload's tasks).

   SCHED_IDLE: Scheduling very low priority jobs
       (Since Linux 2.6.23.)  SCHED_IDLE can be used only at static
       priority 0; the process nice value has no influence for this
       policy.

       This policy is intended for running jobs at extremely low
       priority (lower even than a +19 nice value with the SCHED_OTHER
       or SCHED_BATCH policies).

对nice值的说明：

The nice value The nice value is an attribute that can be used to influence the CPU scheduler to favor or disfavor a process in scheduling decisions. It affects the scheduling of SCHED_OTHER and SCHED_BATCH (see below) processes. The nice value can be modified using nice(2), setpriority(2), or sched_setattr(2).

sched_setattr(2) - Linux manual pagehttps://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/sched_setattr.2.html代码中使用sched_setattr对任务调度参数的设置：

           struct sched_attr {
               u32 size;              /* Size of this structure */
               u32 sched_policy;      /* Policy (SCHED_*) */
               u64 sched_flags;       /* Flags */
               s32 sched_nice;        /* Nice value (SCHED_OTHER,
                                         SCHED_BATCH) */
               u32 sched_priority;    /* Static priority (SCHED_FIFO,
                                         SCHED_RR) */
               /* Remaining fields are for SCHED_DEADLINE */
               u64 sched_runtime;
               u64 sched_deadline;
               u64 sched_period;
           };

实时策略：需要注意的是，只有实时策略可以使用sched_priority设置优先级，需要注意的是这里设置的优先级并不等同于kernel内的0~139的优先级，kernel中的优先级与此处的sched_priority有一个映射关系：

kernel priority = 100 - 1 - sched_priority

所以，sched_priority为0时对应kernel中的优先级99。sched_priority为99时对应的kernel中的优先级是0，为最高优先级，这里容易混淆，不知道当时为何要这么设计。

至于sched_priority的取值范围可以参考：

https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/sched_get_priority_min.2.htmlhttps://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/sched_get_priority_min.2.html

 Processes with numerically higher priority values are scheduled
       before processes with numerically lower priority values.  Thus,
       the value returned by sched_get_priority_max() will be greater
       than the value returned by sched_get_priority_min().

       Linux allows the static priority range 1 to 99 for the SCHED_FIFO
       and SCHED_RR policies, and the priority 0 for the remaining
       policies.  Scheduling priority ranges for the various policies
       are not alterable.

       The range of scheduling priorities may vary on other POSIX
       systems, thus it is a good idea for portable applications to use
       a virtual priority range and map it to the interval given by
       sched_get_priority_max() and sched_get_priority_min() POSIX.1
       requires a spread of at least 32 between the maximum and the
       minimum values for SCHED_FIFO and SCHED_RR.

普通策略：通过NICE值的设定来改变静态优先级，NICE与静态优先级的关系是：

kernel prifoity = 100 + 20 + sched_nice

其中sched_nice的取值范围是-20~+19，通过上边的转换就可以将普通策略的优先级设置为100~139.

sched_nice
              This field specifies the nice value to be set when
              specifying sched_policy as SCHED_OTHER or SCHED_BATCH.
              The nice value is a number in the range -20 (high
              priority) to +19 (low priority); see sched(7).

对于SCHED_DEADLINE使用后边3个参数(u64 sched_runtime; u64 sched_deadline; u64 sched_period;)进行设定:

       A sporadic task is one that has a sequence of jobs, where each
       job is activated at most once per period.  Each job also has a
       relative deadline, before which it should finish execution, and a
       computation time, which is the CPU time necessary for executing
       the job.  The moment when a task wakes up because a new job has
       to be executed is called the arrival time (also referred to as
       the request time or release time).  The start time is the time at
       which a task starts its execution.  The absolute deadline is thus
       obtained by adding the relative deadline to the arrival time.

       The following diagram clarifies these terms:

           arrival/wakeup                    absolute deadline
                |    start time                    |
                |        |                         |
                v        v                         v
           -----x--------xooooooooooooooooo--------x--------x---
                         |<- comp. time ->|
                |<------- relative deadline ------>|
                |<-------------- period ------------------->|

       When setting a SCHED_DEADLINE policy for a thread using
       sched_setattr(2), one can specify three parameters: Runtime,
       Deadline, and Period.  These parameters do not necessarily
       correspond to the aforementioned terms: usual practice is to set
       Runtime to something bigger than the average computation time (or
       worst-case execution time for hard real-time tasks), Deadline to
       the relative deadline, and Period to the period of the task.
       Thus, for SCHED_DEADLINE scheduling, we have:

           arrival/wakeup                    absolute deadline
                |    start time                    |
                |        |                         |
                v        v                         v
           -----x--------xooooooooooooooooo--------x--------x---
                         |<-- Runtime ------->|
                |<----------- Deadline ----------->|
                |<-------------- Period ------------------->|

       The three deadline-scheduling parameters correspond to the
       sched_runtime, sched_deadline, and sched_period fields of the
       sched_attr structure; see sched_setattr(2).  These fields express
       values in nanoseconds.  If sched_period is specified as 0, then
       it is made the same as sched_deadline.

       The kernel requires that:

           sched_runtime <= sched_deadline <= sched_period

       In addition, under the current implementation, all of the
       parameter values must be at least 1024