文章来源：http://blog.boxedice.com/2010/08/03/automating-partitioning-sharding-and-failover-with-mongodb/
Two of the most eagerly anticipated features for MongoDB , the database backend we use for our server monitoring service, Server Density , are auto sharding and replica sets . Sharding will allow us to let MongoDB handle distribution of data across any number of nodes to maximise use of disk space and dynamically load balance queries. Replica sets provides automated failover and redundancy so you can be sure your data exists on any number of servers across multiple data centres.
This functionality has been in development for some time and it finally entering stable in the upcoming v1.6.0 release, due out in a few days. This post will take you through the basics of setting up a MongoDB cluster using auto sharding and ensuring you have full failover using replica sets.
Starting up the replica set
You can have any number of members in a replica set and your data will exist in full on each member of the set. This allows you to have servers distributed across data centres and geographies to ensure full redundancy. One server is aways the primary to which reads and writes are sent, with the other members being secondary and accepting reads only. In the event of the primary failing, another member will take over automatically.
The video embedded below shows the setup process.
You need a minimum of 2 members in each set and they must both be started before the set becomes available. We will start the first one on server1A now:
1 | ./mongod --rest --shardsvr --replSet set1/server1B |
--rest This enables the admin web UI which is useful for viewing the status of the set. It is publicly accessible via HTTP on port 28017 so ensure it is properly firewalled.--shardsvr This enables sharding on this instance, which will be configured later.--replSet This uses the form setname/serverList . You must give each set a name (“set1″) and specify at least 1 other member for the set. You do not need to specify them all – if the instance gets terminated, it will re-read the config from the specified servers when it comes back up.
When in production you will want to use the --fork and --logpath parameters so that mongod spawns off into a separate process and continues running when you close your console. They’re not used here so we can see the console output. Further tips about running MongoDB in the real world can be found here .
The naming convention we are using for the serverhostname is server[set][server] , so this is server A in set 1 that will be connecting to server B in set 1. This just makes it a little easier to explain but in the real usage, these will need be actual hostnames that resolve correctly.
If you are running the instances on different ports, you must specify the ports as part of the parameters e.g. --replSet set1/server1B:1234,server1C:1234
You will see mongod start up with the following output to the console:
01 | Sun Aug 1 04:27:15 [initandlisten] waiting for connections on port 27017 |
02 | Sun Aug 1 04:27:15 [initandlisten] ****** |
03 | Sun Aug 1 04:27:15 [initandlisten] creating replication oplog of size: 944MB... (use --oplogSize to change) |
04 | Sun Aug 1 04:27:15 allocating new datafile data/ local .ns, filling with zeroes... |
05 | Sun Aug 1 04:27:15 [startReplSets] replSet can't get local .system.replset config from self or any seed (yet) |
06 | Sun Aug 1 04:27:15 done allocating datafile data/ local .ns, size: 16MB, took 0.036 secs |
07 | Sun Aug 1 04:27:15 allocating new datafile data/ local .0, filling with zeroes... |
08 | Sun Aug 1 04:27:15 done allocating datafile data/ local .0, size: 64MB, took 0.163 secs |
09 | Sun Aug 1 04:27:15 allocating new datafile data/ local .1, filling with zeroes... |
10 | Sun Aug 1 04:27:16 done allocating datafile data/ local .1, size: 128MB, took 0.377 secs |
11 | Sun Aug 1 04:27:16 allocating new datafile data/ local .2, filling with zeroes... |
12 | Sun Aug 1 04:27:19 done allocating datafile data/ local .2, size: 1024MB, took 3.019 secs |
13 | Sun Aug 1 04:27:25 [startReplSets] replSet can't get local .system.replset config from self or any seed (yet) |
14 | Sun Aug 1 04:27:35 [startReplSets] replSet can't get local .system.replset config from self or any seed (yet) |
15 | Sun Aug 1 04:27:43 [initandlisten] ****** |
16 | Sun Aug 1 04:27:43 [websvr] web admin interface listening on port 28017 |
17 | Sun Aug 1 04:27:45 [initandlisten] connection accepted from 127.0.0.1:43135 |
18 | Sun Aug 1 04:27:45 [startReplSets] replSet can't get local .system.replset config from self or any seed (yet) |
Next, we start the second member of the set (server1B ). This will be connecting to server1A , the instance we just set up.
1 | ./mongod --rest --shardsvr --replSet set1/server1A |
you will see similar console output on both the servers, something like:
1 | Sun Aug 1 04:27:53 [websvr] web admin interface listening on port 28017 |
2 | Sun Aug 1 04:27:55 [initandlisten] connection accepted from server1A:38289 |
3 | Sun Aug 1 04:27:56 [initandlisten] connection accepted from 127.0.0.1:48610 |
4 | Sun Aug 1 04:27:56 [startReplSets] replSet can't get local .system.replset config from self or any seed (EMPTYCONFIG) |
5 | Sun Aug 1 04:27:56 [startReplSets] replSet have you ran replSetInitiate yet? |
Initialising the replica set
Now the two instances are communicating, you need to initialise the replica set. This only needs to be done on one of the servers (either, it doesn’t matter) so from the MongoDB console on that server:
01 | ./mongo localhost:27017 |
02 | MongoDB shell version: 1.5.7 |
03 | connecting to: localhost:27017/test |
07 | ... { _id : 0, host : "server1A:27017" }, |
08 | ... { _id : 1, host : "server1B:27017" } |
12 | "info" : "Config now saved locally. Should come online in about a minute." , |
Here I created the config object and specified the members manually. This is because I wanted to specify the ports but you can just execute
and the current server, plus any members you specified on the command line parameters when starting mongod will be added automatically. You may also want to specify some extra options, all of which are documented here .
Perhaps the most important of these extra options is priority . Setting this for each host will allow you to determine in which order they become primary during failover. This is useful if you have 3 servers, 2 in the same data centre and 1 outside for disaster recovery. You might want the second server in the same DC to become primary first; setting its priority higher than the outside server allows this.
4 | { _id : 0, host : "server1A:27017" , priority : 2}, |
5 | { _id : 1, host : "server1B:27017" , priority : 1} |
6 | { _id : 2, host : "server1C:27017" , priority : 0.5} |
The web console enabled by the --rest parameter can be accessed at the standard port 28017 e.g. http://example.com:28017 . This shows the live status of the mongod instance.
Adding another server to the set
Adding a new server (server1C ) to the replica set is really easy. Start the instance up specifying any one of the other members (or all of them) as part of the parameters:
1 | ./mongod --rest --shardsvr --replSet set1/server1A |
then on the primary server, connect to the MongoDB console and execute the add command:
1 | ./mongo localhost:27017 |
2 | MongoDB shell version: 1.5.7 |
3 | connecting to: localhost:27017/test |
4 | > rs.add( "server1C:27017" ) |
This server will then become part of the set and will immediately start syncing with the other members.
Setting up sharding
Now we have our 3 member replica set, we can configure sharding. This has 3 parts:
- Shard servers – the
mongod instances. We have already set these up with the --shardsvr parameter when starting each mongod . - Config servers – these are
mongod instances run with a --configsvr parameter that store the meta data for the shard. As per the documentation, “a production shard cluster will have three config server processes, each existing on a separate machine. Writes to config servers use a two-phase commit to ensure an atomic and replicated transaction of the shard cluster’s metadata.” mongos – processes that your clients connect to which route queries to the appropriate shards. They are self contained and will usually be run on each of your application servers.
The video embedded below shows the setup process.
Config servers
Having already set up the shard servers above, the next step is to set up the config servers. We need 3 of these, which will exist on each of our shard servers but can be on their own, lower spec machines if you wish. They will not require high spec servers as they will have relatively low load, but should be positioned redundantly so a machine or data centre failure will not take them all offline.
1 | ./mongod --configsvr --dbpath config/ |
--configsvr This enables config server mode on this mongod instance.--dbpath Since I am running this config server on a server that already has another mongod instance running, a separate data path is specified. This isn’t necessary if the config server is running on its own.
This is executed on each of our 3 servers already running the shards. The console output will be something like this:
1 | Sun Aug 1 08:14:30 db version v1.5.7, pdfile version 4.5 |
2 | Sun Aug 1 08:14:30 git version: 5b667e49b1c88f201cdd3912b3d1d1c1098a25b4 |
3 | Sun Aug 1 08:14:30 sys info: Linux domU-12-31-39-06-79-A1 2.6.21.7-2.ec2.v1.2.fc8xen |
4 | Sun Aug 1 08:14:30 [initandlisten] diagLogging = 1 |
5 | Sun Aug 1 08:14:30 [initandlisten] waiting for connections on port 27019 |
6 | Sun Aug 1 08:14:30 [websvr] web admin interface listening on port 28019 |
nothing else happens until you connect the mongos to the config server.
Router processes
The router process is what you connect your clients to. They download the meta data from the config servers and then route queries to the correct shard servers. They stay up to date and are independent of each other so require no redundancy per se. Specify each config server in comma separated form:
01 | ./mongos --configdb server1A,server1B,server1C |
02 | Sun Aug 1 08:19:44 mongodb-linux-x86_64-1.5.7/bin/mongos db version v1.5.7, pdfile version 4.5 starting (--help for usage) |
03 | Sun Aug 1 08:19:44 git version: 5b667e49b1c88f201cdd3912b3d1d1c1098a25b4 |
04 | Sun Aug 1 08:19:44 sys info: Linux domU-12-31-39-06-79-A1 2.6.21.7-2.ec2.v1.2.fc8xen |
05 | Sun Aug 1 08:19:44 SyncClusterConnection connecting to [server1A:27019] |
06 | Sun Aug 1 08:19:44 SyncClusterConnection connecting to [server1B:27019] |
07 | Sun Aug 1 08:19:44 SyncClusterConnection connecting to [server1C:27019] |
08 | Sun Aug 1 08:19:54 [websvr] web admin interface listening on port 28017 |
09 | Sun Aug 1 08:19:54 [Balancer] SyncClusterConnection connecting to [server1A:27019] |
10 | Sun Aug 1 08:19:54 SyncClusterConnection connecting to [server1A:27019] |
11 | Sun Aug 1 08:19:54 waiting for connections on port 27017 |
12 | Sun Aug 1 08:19:54 [Balancer] SyncClusterConnection connecting to [server1B:27019] |
13 | Sun Aug 1 08:19:54 SyncClusterConnection connecting to [server1B:27019] |
14 | Sun Aug 1 08:19:54 [Balancer] SyncClusterConnection connecting to [server1C:27019] |
15 | Sun Aug 1 08:19:54 SyncClusterConnection connecting to [server1C:27019] |
Create the shard
Now you have all the mongo server instances running, you need to create the shard. Connect to the mongos instance using the MongoDB console, switch to the admin database and then add the shard.
02 | MongoDB shell version: 1.5.7 |
06 | > db.runCommand( { addshard : "set1/server1A,server1B,server1C" , name : "shard1" } ); |
07 | { "shardAdded" : "shard1" , "ok" : 1 } |
08 | > db.runCommand( { listshards : 1 } ); |
13 | "host" : "server1A,server1B,server1C" |
Note that the list of server hostnames includes the replica set name in the form [setName]/[servers] . The set name is what you called the replica set when you started the mongod instance with --shardsvr above. In our case we called it set1 .
There are a number of config options here including the ability to set a maximum size on the shard so you can control disk space usage.
Shard the database
We can now finally use the shard by enabling sharding on a database and executing a couple of test queries. Here we will use the test database using the MongoDB console connected to the mongos instance:
3 | > db.runCommand( { enablesharding : "test" } ); |
7 | > db.hats.insert({hats: 5}) |
9 | { "_id" : ObjectId( "4c5568021fd8e7e6a0636729" ), "hats" : 5 } |
You can confirm this is working from the console output on each of the shards themselves:
01 | Sun Aug 1 08:26:42 [conn6] CMD fsync: sync :1 lock:0 |
02 | Sun Aug 1 08:26:42 [initandlisten] connection accepted from 10.255.62.79:38953 |
03 | Sun Aug 1 08:26:42 allocating new datafile data/ test .ns, filling with zeroes... |
04 | Sun Aug 1 08:26:42 done allocating datafile data/ test .ns, size: 16MB, took 0.046 secs |
05 | Sun Aug 1 08:26:42 allocating new datafile data/ test .0, filling with zeroes... |
06 | Sun Aug 1 08:26:42 done allocating datafile data/ test .0, size: 64MB, took 0.183 secs |
07 | Sun Aug 1 08:26:42 [conn6] building new index on { _id: 1 } for test .hats |
08 | Sun Aug 1 08:26:42 [conn6] Buildindex test .hats idxNo:0 { name: "_id_" , ns: "test.hats" , key: { _id: 1 } } |
09 | Sun Aug 1 08:26:42 [conn6] done for 0 records 0secs |
10 | Sun Aug 1 08:26:42 [conn6] insert test .hats 248ms |
11 | Sun Aug 1 08:26:42 [conn6] fsync from getlasterror |
12 | Sun Aug 1 08:26:42 allocating new datafile data/ test .1, filling with zeroes... |
13 | Sun Aug 1 08:26:42 done allocating datafile data/ test .1, size: 128MB, took 0.402 secs |
Sharding the collection
The database test is sharded now but the documents will only exist on a single shard. To actually use the automated partitioning of data, you need to shard at the collection level. For example, setting the shard key on a timestamp will cause MongoDB to partition the data across shards based on that timestamp e.g. day 1 on shard 1, day 2 on shard 2, etc.
In our example above, we only have 1 shard and the test document is very simple but we could create a shard key on the number of hats:
3 | > db.runCommand( { shardcollection : "test.hats.hats" , key : { hats : 1 } } ) |
4 | { "collectionsharded" : "test.hats.hats" , "ok" : 1 } |
In the mongos console you will see
1 | Mon Aug 2 22:10:55 [conn1] CMD: shardcollection: { shardcollection: "test.hats.hats" , key: { hats: 1.0 } } |
2 | Mon Aug 2 22:10:55 [conn1] enable sharding on: test .hats.hats with shard key: { hats: 1.0 } |
3 | Mon Aug 2 22:10:55 [conn1] no chunks for : test .hats.hats so creating first: ns: test .hats.hats at: shard1:set1/server1A,server1B,server1C lastmod: 1|0 min: { hats: MinKey } max: { hats: MaxKey } |
The default chunk size is 50MB so data will not start to be distributed to multiple shards until you hit that.
Notes on failover
- Terminating a mongod instance, either a config server or a shard server, will have no effect on the availability of the data and the ability to perform all operations on it. A detailed explanation of what happens when certain servers fail can be found here .
- However, in our case, if 2 out of 3 of the members of a replica set fail, the set will become read only even though there is a server remaining online. (source ).
- As such, a 3 member replica set with 2 members in one data centre and 1 member in another has a point of failure if you want the set to remain fully operational in the event of a DC outage – the 1 server on its own. To protect against this you would need to have 4 members – 2 per data centre.
- Multiple replica sets per shard are not supported (source )
Future expansion
Now this is set up, adding additional shards is as easy as provisioning a new replica set and using the addShard command on that new set. The data will be balanced automatically so you have real horizontal scaling.
We have not yet deployed sharding and replica sets into production with Server Density – this is on our roadmap so I’ll be reporting back in a couple of months when we have been using it for some time. Subscribe to stay up to date!
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