一、前置知识
- 积性函数
二、定义
狄利克雷卷积( D i r i c h l e t p r o d u c t \rm{Dirichlet\ product} Dirichlet product),定义为在 数论函数 之间的一种二元运算,它是今后诸多算法如 莫比乌斯反演、杜教筛 的基础。
地雷卷积和懵逼繁衍
具体地:
( f ∗ g ) ( n ) = ∑ x y = n f ( x ) g ( y ) (f * g)(n) = \sum\limits_{xy=n} f(x) g(y) (f∗g)(n)=xy=n∑f(x)g(y)
或
( f ∗ g ) ( n ) = ∑ d ∣ n f ( d ) g ( n d ) (f * g)(n) = \sum\limits_{d \mid n} f(d)g\left(\dfrac{n}{d}\right) (f∗g)(n)=d∣n∑f(d)g(dn)
三、性质
1. 积性函数
若 f , g f,g f,g 是积性函数,则 f ∗ g f * g f∗g 也是积性函数。
首先 ( f ∗ g ) ( 1 ) = f ( 1 ) g ( 1 ) = 1 (f * g)(1) = f(1) g(1) = 1 (f∗g)(1)=f(1)g(1)=1。
当 n ⊥ m n\perp m n⊥m 时:
( f ∗ g ) ( n ) ⋅ ( f ∗ g ) ( m ) = ∑ d 1 ∣ n f ( d 1 ) g ( n d 1 ) ⋅ ∑ d 2 ∣ m f ( d 2 ) g ( m d 2 ) = ∑ d 1 ∣ n , d 2 ∣ m f ( d 1 ) g ( n d 1 ) f ( d 2 ) g ( m d 2 ) \begin{aligned} (f * g)(n) \cdot (f * g)(m) & = \sum_{d_1\mid n} f(d_1) g\left(\dfrac{n}{d_1}\right) \cdot \sum_{d_2\mid m} f(d_2) g\left(\dfrac{m}{d_2}\right) \\ & = \sum_{d_1\mid n, d_2\mid m} f(d_1) g\left(\dfrac{n}{d_1}\right) f(d_2) g\left(\dfrac{m}{d_2}\right) \end{aligned} (f∗g)(n)⋅(f∗g)(m)=d1∣n∑f(d1)g(d1n)⋅d2∣m∑f(d2)g(d2m)=d1∣n,d2∣m∑f(d1)g(d1n)f(d2)g(d2m)
因为 n ⊥ m n\perp m n⊥m,所以 ∀ d 1 ∣ n , d 2 ∣ m \forall d_1\mid n, d_2\mid m ∀d1∣n,d2∣m 有 d 1 ⊥ d 2 d_1 \perp d_2 d1⊥d2,那么 f ( d 1 ) f ( d 2 ) = f ( d 1 d 2 ) , g ( d 1 ) g ( d 2 ) = g ( d 1 d 2 ) f(d_1)f(d_2)=f(d_1 d_2),g(d_1) g(d_2) = g(d_1 d_2) f(d1)f(d2)=f(d1d2),g(d1)g(d2)=g(d1d2)。
所以
∑ d 1 ∣ n , d 2 ∣ m f ( d 1 ) g ( n d 1 ) f ( d 2 ) g ( m d 2 ) = ∑ d 1 ∣ n , d 2 ∣ m f ( d 1 d 2 ) g ( n m d 1 d 2 ) \sum_{d_1\mid n, d_2\mid m} f(d_1) g\left(\dfrac{n}{d_1}\right) f(d_2) g\left(\dfrac{m}{d_2}\right) = \sum_{d_1\mid n, d_2\mid m} f(d_1 d_2) g\left(\dfrac{nm}{d_1 d_2}\right) d1∣n,d2∣m∑f(d1)g(d1n)f(d2)g(d2m)=d1∣n,d2∣m∑f(d1d2)g(d1d2nm)
因为 n ⊥ m n\perp m n⊥m,所以 n m nm nm 的因数都可以惟一地表示成 n n n 的某个因数与 m m m 的某个因数的乘积。
即
∑ d 1 ∣ n , d 2 ∣ m f ( d 1 d 2 ) g ( n m d 1 d 2 ) = ∑ d ∣ n m f ( d ) g ( n m d ) = ( f ∗ g ) ( n m ) \begin{aligned} \sum_{d_1\mid n, d_2\mid m} f(d_1 d_2) g\left(\dfrac{nm}{d_1 d_2}\right) & = \sum_{d\mid nm} f(d) g\left(\dfrac{nm}{d}\right) \\ & = (f * g)(nm) \end{aligned} d1∣n,d2∣m∑