前面的例子尽管使用了OpenGL ES 3D图形库,但绘制的还是二维图形(平面上的正方形)。Mesh(网格,三角面)是构成空间形体的基本元素,前面的正方形也是有两个Mesh构成的。本篇将介绍使用Mesh构成四面体,椎体等基本空间形体。
Design设计
在使用OpenGL 框架时一个好的设计原则是使用“Composite Pattern”,本篇采用如下设计:
Mesh
首先定义一个基类 Mesh,所有空间形体最基本的构成元素为Mesh(三角形网格) ,其基本定义如下:
public class Mesh {
// Our vertex buffer.
private FloatBuffer verticesBuffer = null;
// Our index buffer.
private ShortBuffer indicesBuffer = null;
// The number of indices.
private int numOfIndices = -1;
// Flat Color
private float[] rgba
= new float[] { 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f };
// Smooth Colors
private FloatBuffer colorBuffer = null;
// Translate params.
public float x = 0;
public float y = 0;
public float z = 0;
// Rotate params.
public float rx = 0;
public float ry = 0;
public float rz = 0;
public void draw(GL10 gl) {
// Counter-clockwise winding.
gl.glFrontFace(GL10.GL_CCW);
// Enable face culling.
gl.glEnable(GL10.GL_CULL_FACE);
// What faces to remove with the face culling.
gl.glCullFace(GL10.GL_BACK);
// Enabled the vertices buffer for writing and
//to be used during
// rendering.
gl.glEnableClientState(GL10.GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);
// Specifies the location and data format
//of an array of vertex
// coordinates to use when rendering.
gl.glVertexPointer(3, GL10.GL_FLOAT, 0, verticesBuffer);
// Set flat color
gl.glColor4f(rgba[0], rgba[1], rgba[2], rgba[3]);
// Smooth color
if (colorBuffer != null) {
// Enable the color array buffer to be
//used during rendering.
gl.glEnableClientState(GL10.GL_COLOR_ARRAY);
gl.glColorPointer(4, GL10.GL_FLOAT, 0, colorBuffer);
}
gl.glTranslatef(x, y, z);
gl.glRotatef(rx, 1, 0, 0);
gl.glRotatef(ry, 0, 1, 0);
gl.glRotatef(rz, 0, 0, 1);
// Point out the where the color buffer is.
gl.glDrawElements(GL10.GL_TRIANGLES, numOfIndices,
GL10.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, indicesBuffer);
// Disable the vertices buffer.
gl.glDisableClientState(GL10.GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);
// Disable face culling.
gl.glDisable(GL10.GL_CULL_FACE);
}
protected void setVertices(float[] vertices) {
// a float is 4 bytes, therefore
//we multiply the number if
// vertices with 4.
ByteBuffer vbb
= ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(vertices.length * 4);
vbb.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
verticesBuffer = vbb.asFloatBuffer();
verticesBuffer.put(vertices);
verticesBuffer.position(0);
}
protected void setIndices(short[] indices) {
// short is 2 bytes, therefore we multiply
//the number if
// vertices with 2.
ByteBuffer ibb
= ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(indices.length * 2);
ibb.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
indicesBuffer = ibb.asShortBuffer();
indicesBuffer.put(indices);
indicesBuffer.position(0);
numOfIndices = indices.length;
}
protected void setColor(float red, float green,
float blue, float alpha) {
// Setting the flat color.
rgba[0] = red;
rgba[1] = green;
rgba[2] = blue;
rgba[3] = alpha;
}
protected void setColors(float[] colors) {
// float has 4 bytes.
ByteBuffer cbb
= ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(colors.length * 4);
cbb.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
colorBuffer = cbb.asFloatBuffer();
colorBuffer.put(colors);
colorBuffer.position(0);
}
}
- setVertices 允许子类重新定义顶点坐标。
- setIndices 允许子类重新定义顶点的顺序。
- setColor /setColors允许子类重新定义颜色。
- x,y,z 定义了平移变换的参数。
- rx,ry,rz 定义旋转变换的参数。
Plane
有了Mesh定义之后,再来构造Plane,plane可以有宽度,高度和深度,宽度定义为沿X轴方向的长度,深度定义为沿Z轴方向长度,高度为Y轴方向。
Segments为形体宽度,高度,深度可以分成的份数。 Segments在构造一个非均匀分布的Surface特别有用,比如在一个游戏场景中,构造地貌,使的Z轴的值随机分布在-0.1到0.1之间,然后给它渲染好看的材质就可以造成地图凹凸不平的效果。
上面图形中Segments为一正方形,但在OpenGL中我们需要使用三角形,所有需要将Segments分成两个三角形。为Plane 定义两个构造函数:
// Let you decide the size of the plane but still only one segment.
public Plane(float width, float height)// For alla your settings.
public Plane(float width, float height, int widthSegments, int heightSegments)比如构造一个1 unit 宽和 1 unit高,并分成4个Segments,使用图形表示如下:
左边的图显示了segments ,右边的图为需要创建的Face(三角形)。
Plane类的定义如下:
public class Plane extends Mesh { public Plane() { this(1, 1, 1, 1); } public Plane(float width, float height) { this(width, height, 1, 1); } public Plane(float width, float height, int widthSegments, int heightSegments) { float[] vertices = new float[(widthSegments + 1) * (heightSegments + 1) * 3]; short[] indices = new short[(widthSegments + 1) * (heightSegments + 1)* 6]; float xOffset = width / -2; float yOffset = height / -2; float xWidth = width / (widthSegments); float yHeight = height / (heightSegments); int currentVertex = 0; int currentIndex = 0; short w = (short) (widthSegments + 1); for (int y = 0; y < heightSegments + 1; y++) { for (int x = 0; x < widthSegments + 1; x++) { vertices[currentVertex] = xOffset + x * xWidth; vertices[currentVertex + 1] = yOffset + y * yHeight; vertices[currentVertex + 2] = 0; currentVertex += 3; int n = y * (widthSegments + 1) + x; if (y < heightSegments && x < widthSegments) { // Face one indices[currentIndex] = (short) n; indices[currentIndex + 1] = (short) (n + 1); indices[currentIndex + 2] = (short) (n + w); // Face two indices[currentIndex + 3] = (short) (n + 1); indices[currentIndex + 4] = (short) (n + 1 + w); indices[currentIndex + 5] = (short) (n + 1 + w - 1); currentIndex += 6; } } } setIndices(indices); setVertices(vertices); } }
Cube
下面来定义一个正方体(Cube),为简单起见,这个四面体只可以设置宽度,高度,和深度,没有和Plane一样提供Segments支持。
public class Cube extends Mesh { public Cube(float width, float height, float depth) { width /= 2; height /= 2; depth /= 2; float vertices[] = { -width, -height, -depth, // 0 width, -height, -depth, // 1 width, height, -depth, // 2 -width, height, -depth, // 3 -width, -height, depth, // 4 width, -height, depth, // 5 width, height, depth, // 6 -width, height, depth, // 7 }; short indices[] = { 0, 4, 5, 0, 5, 1, 1, 5, 6, 1, 6, 2, 2, 6, 7, 2, 7, 3, 3, 7, 4, 3, 4, 0, 4, 7, 6, 4, 6, 5, 3, 0, 1, 3, 1, 2, }; setIndices(indices); setVertices(vertices); } }
Group
Group可以用来管理多个空间几何形体,如果把Mesh比作Android的View ,Group可以看作Android的ViewGroup,Android的View的设计也是采用的“Composite Pattern”。
Group的主要功能是把针对Group的操作(如draw)分发到Group中的每个成员对应的操作(如draw)。
Group定义如下:
public class Group extends Mesh { private Vector<Mesh> children = new Vector<Mesh>(); @Override public void draw(GL10 gl) { int size = children.size(); for( int i = 0; i < size; i++) children.get(i).draw(gl); } /** * @param location * @param object * @see java.util.Vector#add(int, java.lang.Object) */ public void add(int location, Mesh object) { children.add(location, object); } /** * @param object * @return * @see java.util.Vector#add(java.lang.Object) */ public boolean add(Mesh object) { return children.add(object); } /** * * @see java.util.Vector#clear() */ public void clear() { children.clear(); } /** * @param location * @return * @see java.util.Vector#get(int) */ public Mesh get(int location) { return children.get(location); } /** * @param location * @return * @see java.util.Vector#remove(int) */ public Mesh remove(int location) { return children.remove(location); } /** * @param object * @return * @see java.util.Vector#remove(java.lang.Object) */ public boolean remove(Object object) { return children.remove(object); } /** * @return * @see java.util.Vector#size() */ public int size() { return children.size(); } }
其它建议
上面我们定义里Mesh, Plane, Cube等基本空间几何形体,对于构造复杂图形(如人物),可以预先创建一些通用的几何形体,如果在组合成较复杂的形体。除了上面的基本形体外,可以创建如Cone,Pryamid, Cylinder等基本形体以备后用。
本例示例代码下载,显示结果如下: