2020美赛D题原文及翻译

D题

英文:
Problem D: Teaming
Strategies

As societies become more interconnected, the set of challenges they face have become increasingly complex. We rely on interdisciplinary teams of people with diverse expertise and varied perspectives to address many of the most challenging problems. Our conceptual understanding of team success has advanced significantly over the past 50+ years allowing for better scientific, creative, or physical teams to address these complex issues. Researchers have reported on best strategies for assembling teams, optimal interactions among teammates, and ideal leadership styles. Strong teams across all sectors and domains are able to perform complex tasks unattainable through either individual efforts or a sequence of additive contributions of teammates.

One of the most informative settings to explore team processes is in competitive team sports. Team sports must conform to strict rules that may include, but are not limited to, the number of players, their roles, allowable contact between players, their location
and movement, points earned, and consequences of violations. Team success is much more than the sum of
the abilities of individual players. Rather, it is based on many other factors that involve how well the teammates play together.Such factors may include whether the team has a diversity of skills (one person may be fast, while another is precise), how well the team balances between individual versus collective performance (star players may help leverage the skills of all their
teammates), and the team’s ability to effectively coordinate over time (as one player
steals the ball from an opponent, another player is poised for offense).

In light of your modeling skills, the coach of the
Huskies, your home soccer (known in Europe
and other places as football)team, has asked your company, Intrepid Champion Modeling (ICM), to help understand the team’s dynamics. In particular, the coach has asked you to explore how the complex interactions among the players on the field impacts their success. The goal is not only to examine the interactions that lead directly to a score, but to explore team dynamics throughout the game and over the entire season, to help identify specific strategies that can improve teamwork next season. The coach has
asked ICM to quantify and formalize the structural and dynamical features that have been successful (and unsuccessful) for theteam. The Huskies have provided data[1] detailing information from last season, including all 38 games they played against their 19 opponents (they played each opposing team twice). Overall, the
data covers 23,429 passes between 366 players (30 Huskies players, and 336 players from opposing teams), and 59,271 game events.

To respond to the Huskie coach’s requests, your team from ICM should use the provided data to
address the following:

1. Create a network for the ball passing between players, where each player is a node and each pass constitutes a link between players. Use your passing network to identify network patterns, such as dyadic and triadic configurations and team formations. Also consider other structural indicators and network properties across the games. You should explore multiple scales such as, but not limited to, micro (pairwise) to macro (all players) when looking at interactions, and time such as short (minute-to-minute) to long (entire game or entire season).
2. Identify performance indicators that reflect successful teamwork (in addition to points or
   wins) such as diversity in the types of plays,
   coordination among players or distribution
   of contributions. You also may consider other team level processes,such as adaptability,
   flexibility, tempo, or flow.It may be important
   to clarify whether strategies are universally effective or dependent on opponents’ counter-strategies. Use the performance indicators and team level processes that you have identified to create a model that captures structural, configurational, and dynamical aspects
   of teamwork.
3. Use the insights gained from your teamwork
   model to inform the coach about what kinds of structural strategies have been effective for the Huskies.Advise the coach on what changes the network analysis indicates that they should make next season to improve team success.
4. Your analysis of the Huskies has allowed you to consider group dynamics in a controlled setting of a team sport. Understanding the complex set of factors that make some groups perform better than others is critical for how societies develop and innovate. As our societies increasingly solve problems involving teams, can you generalize your findings to say something about how to design more effective teams? What other aspects of teamwork would need to be captured to develop generalized models of tea performance?

Your submission should consist of:
 One-page Summary Sheet
 Table of Contents
 Your solution of no more than 20 pages, for a maximum of 22 pages with your summary and table of contents.

Note: Reference List and any appendices do not count toward the page limit and should appear after your completed solution. You should not make use of unauthorized images and materials
whose use is restricted by copyright laws. Ensure you cite the sources for your ideas and the materials used in your report.

中文：

随着社会之间的联系越来越紧密，他们面临的挑战也越来越复杂。
我们依靠具有不同专业知识和不同见解的跨学科团队来解决许多最具挑战性的问题。 在过去的50多年中，我们对团队成功的概念性理解有了很大进步，从而使更好的科学，创意或物理团队可以解决这些复杂的问题。
研究人员报告了组建团队的最佳策略，队友之间的最佳互动以及理想的领导风格。 跨各个部门和领域的强大团队能够通过个人努力或一系列队友的附加贡献来完成无法完成的复杂任务。

探索团队过程的最有用的设置之一是竞技团队运动。团体运动必须遵守严格的规则，包括但不限于球员人数，他们的角色，球员之间的允许接触，他们的位置和动作，获得的积分以及违规后果。团队的成功不仅仅是个人能力的总和。而是基于许多其他因素，这些因素涉及队友的比赛表现。这些因素可能包括团队是否具有多种技能（一个人可能很快，而另一个人很精确），团队在个人绩效与集体绩效之间的平衡程度（明星球员可以帮助利用其所有队友的技能），以及球队在一段时间内有效协调的能力（一名球员从对方手中抢断球，另一名球员准备进攻）。

根据您的建模技巧，爱斯基摩人，您的主场足球（在欧洲和其他地方称为足球）团队的教练已要求贵公司Intrepid Champion Modeling（ICM）帮助您了解球队的动态。尤其是，教练要求您探索球员之间在现场的复杂互动如何影响他们的成功。目标不仅是检查直接导致得分的互动，而且还探索整个比赛以及整个赛季的团队动力，以帮助确定可以改善下赛季团队合作的特定策略。教练已要求ICM量化并正规化已为团队成功（但未成功）的结构和动态特征。爱斯基摩人提供了有关上赛季的详细信息的数据[1]，包括他们与19个对手进行的所有38场比赛（他们每场对战球队都踢过两次）。总体而言，该数据涵盖366名玩家（30名哈士奇玩家和336名来自对立团队的玩家）之间的23,429次传球，以及59,271次比赛事件。

为了回应赫斯基教练的要求，您的ICM团队应使用提供的数据解决以下问题：

l  为球员之间的传球创建一个网络，其中每个球员都是节点，每个传球都构成球员之间的链接。
使用您经过的网络来识别网络模式，例如二元和三元配置和团队组成。 还要考虑游戏中的其他结构指标和网络属性。 你应该在观察互动时探索多种尺度，例如但不限于从微观（成对）到宏观（所有玩家），以及从短（分钟到分钟）到长（整个游戏或整个赛季）的时间。

l  确定反映成功团队合作的绩效指标（除了得分或获胜以外），例如比赛类型的多样性，球员之间的协调或贡献的分配。
您还可以考虑其他团队级别的流程，例如适应性，灵活性，节奏或流程。 弄清策略是普遍有效还是取决于对手的反策略可能很重要。 使用已确定的绩效指标和团队级别的流程来创建一个模型，以捕获团队工作的结构，配置和动态方面。

l  使用从团队合作模型中获得的见解，向教练告知哪种类型的结构策略对爱斯基摩犬有效。
就网络分析表明他们应该在下个赛季做出以改善团队成功的变化向教练提供建议。

l  •对哈士奇犬的分析使您可以在团队运动的受控环境中考虑小组动力。
理解使某些群体的表现优于其他群体的复杂因素，对于社会的发展和创新至关重要。 随着我们的社会越来越多地解决与团队有关的问题，您能否概括一下您的发现，以说一下如何设计更有效的团队？
开发团队绩效的通用模型还需要捕捉团队合作的其他哪些方面？

[1]该数据集来自一个更大的数据集，涵盖了来自五项欧洲国家足球比赛以及2018年世界杯的近2000场比赛[1]。

您提交的内容应包括：

•一页摘要表

•目录

•您的解决方案不超过20页，带摘要和目录最多22页

注意：参考列表和任何附录不计入页数限制，应在完成解决方案后出现。 您不应使用未经版权法限制使用的未经授权的图像和材料。 确保您引用了想法的来源和报告中使用的材料。

附件

2020_Problem_D_DATA.zip

fullevents.csv matchs.csv events.csv
README.txt

词汇表

二进位配置：涉及成对玩家的关系。

三合一配置：涉及三个参与者的组的关系。